河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带沙丘不同生境沙拐枣种群扩张特征研究

本研究以河西走廊荒漠绿洲边缘关键天然固沙植物沙拐枣为研究对象,对流动沙丘、固定沙丘不同生境的沙拐枣种群扩张特征进行调查,旨在更全面地认识其种群扩张特征和对干旱高温环境的适应对策。结果表明：（1）沙丘不同生境,沙拐枣种群扩张方式存在显著差异：在流动沙丘,丘间低地和过渡带以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖为辅;迎风坡和背风坡以无性繁殖为主;而随着流动沙丘固定,种群以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖数量和所占比重显著下降,并导致种群数量下降。（2）不同生境中沙拐枣种群密度与年龄均呈显著负相关,种群以幼龄苗为主,种群最大年龄出现在丘间低地,为36龄。（3）流动沙丘不同生境根状茎主要为2年生,多年生根状茎长度较短;而固定沙丘不同生境根状茎年龄结构较为均衡。     

瑞丽山龙眼幼苗光合特性研究

使用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪测定高黎贡山南段2种环境(野外、大棚)下生长的我国特有种植物瑞丽山龙眼幼苗的光合特性,结果表明:(1)2种环境下生长的幼苗净光合速率(PN)日变化出现"双峰"曲线,有"午休"现象,但峰值出现的时刻与大小不同,野外幼苗在10:00、16:00出现高峰值,分别为4.608、2.118μmol/(m~2·s),大棚幼苗在11:00、15:00出现2个高峰值,分别为4.102、3.982μmol/(m~2·s);蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)变化趋势与净光合速率变化趋势一致,也有"午休"现象;水分利用率(WUE)无明显变化规律;胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)与净光合速率日变化相反。(2)净光合速率与环境因子偏相关性分析表明,环境因子:光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气CO_2浓度(Ca)、空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)对幼苗PN值影响均为:PARCaTaRH;(3)两地幼苗光饱和点(LSP)均较高,野外为2 674.995μmol/(m~2·s)、大棚幼苗为2 228.754μmol/(m~2·s),光补偿点(LCP)分别为38.250、8.322μmol/(m~2·s)。     

Long‐term habitat loss in a lightly‐disturbed population of the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin,Sousa chinensis

1. Coastal and estuarine waters are important ecosystems with high primary and secondary productivity, but they are prone to the impacts of habitat loss caused by anthropogenic activities. For species exclusively inhabiting coastal and estuarine waters, such as the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis , irreversible habitat loss can have dramatic implications for population viability.
2. A Landsat image database was used to determine the extent of coastal changes along the northern Beibu Gulf, where a large humpback dolphin population is found. The results were compared with the standardized sighting gradient (SPUF) determined from a questionnaire survey of fishermen and likely core habitats identified by application of a global digital elevation model.
3. Both SPUF and likely core habitat results indicated a continuous distribution of the humpback dolphin along the northern Beibu Gulf. Landsat images revealed that 129.6 km² of coastal waters were permanently lost in the past 40 years, 60 km² within the likely core habitats. Although this may be considered small, the impact of such habitat loss could be substantial in some local habitats.
4. The humpback dolphin population in the northern Beibu Gulf should be regarded as one management unit, with two or more social subunits. Immediate systematic surveys are needed to fill information gaps on true distribution range and habitat‐use patterns.
5. Habitat protection actions for dolphins in the northern Beibu Gulf should include both core and linking habitats, including enacting protected areas in core habitats, mitigating anthropogenic impacts in likely habitats, restoring both coastal waters and surrounding landscape quality, effective treatment of industrial sewage discharge, and comprehensive environmental impact assessments for the planning of coastal development projects.

     

Climate‐induced vulnerability of fisheries in the Coral Triangle: Skipjack Tuna thermal spawning habitats

We investigated projected changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and the associated impacts on spawning habitat for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the Coral Triangle region (CT). A multimodel aggregate of SST CMIP5 models for the CT region, based on a comprehensive skill validation assessment, was used to identify the five best performing of 36 models tested for inclusion in a regional multimodel ensemble. Monthly 1° SST multimodel aggregate projections for the CT region under RCP8.5 show that increases in SST, as high as 2.8°C (mean value), will likely occur by the end of this century. Using these estimates of SST change, we applied three parameterizations of skipjack tuna spawning temperatures to assess the potential for change in spawning habitat within the CT region. The three spawning temperature parameterizations were as follows: (a) a square‐wave function derived from catch data with boundaries at 26 and 30°C; (b) a symmetric Gaussian function derived from the SEAPODYM models; and (c) an asymmetric Gaussian function that modifies the SEAPODYM curve in (b) to include the results of relevant physiological experiments. All three parameterizations show similar geographic patterns, with the amount of favourable spawning habitat decreasing throughout the central, equatorial CT region and increasing at higher latitudes. However, the three parameterizations show marked differences in the modelled magnitude of change, with an asymmetric Gaussian function (ASGF) showing a regionwide average of 66.1% decline in favourable spawning habitat between 2015 and 2099. These projected changes in tuna spawning habitats are likely to have important consequences on local and regional fisheries management in the CT region.     

不同产地鲍鱼特征元素分析与主成分评价模型的建立

为了找出不同产地鲍鱼(Haliotis Spp.Abalone)的区域性差异,并探究一种有效的鲍鱼产地的鉴别方法,采用主成分分析法对对广东、福建、山东、辽宁4个主要养殖省份鲍鱼样品肌肉中的特征元素(Na、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu、Ni、As、Al、Mn、Cr、Se)进行分析。结果显示,鲍鱼样品的元素含量存在差异,Mn的变异程度最大,变异系数为74%,Ni次之,为65%,其次是Se (60%),其余元素的变异系数均高于10%。同时,通过对这些数据进行降维处理,有效地从13个特征元素中提取了6个元素作为主成分,累计方差贡献率达89.87%;同时发现Ca、Se、Na、Fe、Mn、K、Ni这7种元素是不同产地鲍鱼的特征元素,并建立了主成分综合评价模型:F=0.2777F_1+0.2652F_2+0.1295F_3+0.1066F_4+0.0656F_5+0.0541F_6。模型的建立可以为利用特征元素对不同产地鲍鱼的产地溯源提供一定的理论参考。     

Growth and structure development of semi-natural larch-spruce-fir (Larix olgensis–Picea jezoensis–Abies nephrolepis) forests in northeast China: 12-year results after thinning

Analyzing and understanding the structure and growth dynamics of semi-natural plantations is useful for their management. Since 1987, 16 plots with 4 treatments (CT: control; LT: light thinning; MT: medium thinning; and HT: heavy thinning) by 0, 20, 30 and 40% of basal area removal, respectively, and four replications were established in semi-natural larch-spruce-fir forests in northeast China. The structure and growth dynamics of semi-natural larch-spruce-fir stands and the effects of thinning on the growth, structure and diversity were examined. A mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA) was used to test the effects of treatment and time.

Results showed that differences in periodic annual increment (PAI) of stand basal area and volume and the individual diameter and volume among treatments changed over time in a complex statistical interaction. Thinning, however, had a significant effect on growth at tree and stand levels 12 years after thinning while the PAI of the diameter, basal area and volume was positively correlated with thinning intensity. No significant differences were found in the total stand yield among treatments. Composition of tree species group (larch, other conifers and deciduous trees) during monitoring years did not change significantly. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in tree species and size diversity among treatments in the years following thinning. Both thinning and control plots had similar understory plant diversity after the 12 year period. Univariate point pattern analysis revealed that clumped and random distributions were dominant for tree species groups in this study. The current species composition and regeneration dynamics within these semi-natural plantations suggested a development towards mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Management implications for the transformation from larch plantations towards mixed broad-leaved Korean forests with a more diverse structure, the climax vegetation in this region, were discussed.     

论攀西地区野生经济真菌生态习性及其与林业建设的关系

四川省攀西地区自然条件优越，植被类型多样，林地资源充足，茵物资源丰富，有着发展经济真菌的优越条件，特别是近年来的林业工程建设为野生经济真菌的生产提供了基本物质基础，为其扩大生产创造了条件。文章列出了该地区常见的有重要经济价值的食药用真菌（分别归入22科、36属）及其生态习性，指出在林业工程建设中应对经济真菌生产给予足够的重视，并提出了相应的策略。     

不同生境香果树种群的径级结构与分布格局

应用"相邻格子法"对不同生境下的香果树种群进行每木调查,获得野外资料.采用空间代替时间的方法,研究香果树的径级结构和分布格局,以及应用泊松方差/均值比、负二项式分布、Lloyd平均拥挤度指数和聚块指数4个指标分析其种群格局状况.结果表明:不同生境下的香果树径级结构具有较大的相似性--均缺乏幼苗和幼树,种群呈衰退趋势;不同生境下的香果树种群聚块规模为8～32 m2;种群的空间分布格局主要为集群分布;格局动态明显呈现由集群分布到随机分布的扩散趋势.建议采取相应的措施保护母树,尤其是20年生以上的母树;还应加强对种子及幼苗生长动态变化的研究.     

不同生境羊草营养枝叶龄进程与地上生物量关系的研究

对不同生境羊草营养枝叶龄进程及其与地上生物量的关系进行了研究,结果表明,人工草地和天然草地羊草营养枝叶龄进程季节动态是基本一致的,但因不同生境出叶速度的差异,使人工草地羊草营养枝的叶龄为11.3,比天然草地增加了16.5%.不同生境羊草营养枝的叶龄与叶片长度、宽度和叶片大小的关系均符合二次多项式的变化规律,人工草地和天然草地叶片最大时的叶龄指数分别为61.95和61.86,具有相对稳定的值;虽然叶龄与株高和单株干物重间均呈一元线性极显著的正相关关系,但每龄叶增加的植株高度和单株干物重因生境不同而异.     

基于流域生物资源保护的水库生态调度

阐述了流域水电开发对流域生物资源的影响途径:通道阻隔、水库淹没、径流调节、水温变化等,探讨了流域水电开发对河流连续性、河道洪枯过程、库区生境等生态功能的影响方式.结合三峡水利枢纽工程实例,针对宜昌断面基于流域生物资源保护的流量要求,建立了以水电站发电效益最大为目标的长期优化调度模型,并采用差分进化法进行优化求解,获得了相应的水电站水库调度出流过程,并在此基础上采取人造洪峰、提高下泄水温等生态修复方式保护流域生物资源.建议水库运行调度应在考虑工程功能的同时,兼顾下游及水库的生态功能,以达到流域水资源开发与保护流域健康的生态系统相协调的目的.