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1.
水稻不同生育期对硒的吸收、转运及累积规律   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
管文文  戴其根  张洪程  尹雪斌 《土壤》2018,50(6):1150-1154
采用大田试验,研究土壤施用含硒肥料后水稻中硒的积累和分布的动态变化。结果表明:在水稻不同器官中硒的积累量与含硒肥料施用量呈正相关,相关系数达到0.98以上。水稻成熟期,硒施用量30 kg/hm2和120 kg/hm2处理全株硒浓度分别比对照处理提高了98.9%和313.7%。不同生育期,水稻各个器官中硒含量及累积量不同,水稻硒的生物富集高峰期表现在孕穗期,叶与水稻穗部吸收累积硒有着密切关系。水稻成熟期整个植株中硒的累积量为茎叶精米根颖壳。在整个水稻生育期硒有一定的运转累积规律:水稻分蘖期时,硒从根、茎流向叶片;孕穗期再由叶流向茎;灌浆期又从根运转到叶和穗中;最后成熟期叶中的硒流向穗。苗期施用含硒肥料是一条提高水稻硒含量的有效农艺措施。  相似文献   
2.
Fertilizers are widely applied in agricultural practice to improve crop yield and quality. However, they can also alter the behavior of soil pollutants. A field experiment was conducted on a chernozem in Heilongjiang Province, China. Various proportions of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and organic (manure) fertilizers were applied. Soil samples were collected four times over 2 years, and the total concentrations and speciation of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) were analyzed. Inorganic fertilizer addition had little effect on the total concentration of Cr and Cd, while organic fertilizer addition reduced the total concentrations of both Cr and Cd. Inorganic fertilizers increased the concentration of Cr in the exchangeable form, but decreased that of the residual form (P < 0.05). Addition of inorganic or organic fertilizer alone decreased concentrations of exchangeable Cd (P < 0.05), but the combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers had the opposite effect. High concentration of total Cd exceeding the upper limits of the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils proposed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China could result in an environmental risk, and fertilizer application could lower that risk. Results of risk assessment code calculated as the percentage of the sum of metal concentrations in the exchangeable and carbonate-associated form in total metal concentration showed that Cr and Cd risks were lowered when organic fertilizer was applied alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Our study highlighted that organic fertilizer should be applied alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers to lower the environmental risks of Cr and Cd pollution in the chernozem.  相似文献   
3.
臭氧氧化对奶牛场沼液中磷形态转化的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
为了提高沼液磷的回收效果,研究了曝气种类和曝气条件对奶牛场沼液磷形态转化的影响。结果表明:在参考曝气条件下,与氮气和空气相比,臭氧能更大程度地降低颗粒态磷和交换态磷含量,并大幅度提升溶解性正磷酸盐含量。臭氧曝气的优选条件为沼液初始pH值为6、臭氧发生量为10 g·h~(-1)、氧化时间为60 min,曝气后沼液中溶解性正磷酸盐浓度提高了76.12%,溶解性正磷酸盐占总磷比例提升20.75%。臭氧氧化可以促进颗粒态磷和交换态磷向溶解性正磷酸盐转化,从而促进沼液磷的回收。  相似文献   
4.
In northern Fennoscandian lakes, monophylogenetic lineages of postglacial fishes are radiating into several adaptive forms, but the speciation process is still at an incipient stage. The speciation process has received increased attention over the years, but the underlying mechanisms and drivers are still debated and poorly understood. European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus [L.]) is the most abundant fish species in these lakes and has evolved into several ecomorphs adapted to different trophic niches and habitats. Genetic divergence has been observed among these ecomorphs, but the mechanism(s) responsible for the ongoing build-up of reproductive isolation has still to be revealed. As these systems are young in evolutionary time (<10 kyr), prezygotic and postzygotic extrinsic isolation mechanisms are thought to be more likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation than intrinsic isolation mechanisms. We determined the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of three ecomorphs in two replicated lake systems and used GSI as a proxy to investigate the prezygotic isolation mechanism, allochrony, as a driving factor of divergence in this adaptive radiation of whitefish. We found that the three ecomorphs differed in GSI values within and between lakes, suggesting different spawning times of the ecomorphs. We also show that males of one ecomorph had equal onset of maturity as another ecomorph, giving novel insights into the ongoing gene flow observed between ecomorphs. The result supports allochrony as a driver for the divergence process of whitefish ecomorphs, but more evidence is still needed to rule out that the three ecomorphs make use of different spawning grounds.  相似文献   
5.
采用完全组合试验设计,比较了果壳有机肥(NM)、猪粪有机肥(PM)、污泥有机肥(SM)、腐殖土有机肥(HM)和蚯蚓土有机肥(EM)在不同用量下对不同污染程度土壤[外源添加(CH3COOH)2Pb溶液]中有效Pb的影响,并探讨了土壤有效Pb变化与Pb形态转化的联系。结果表明,施用有机肥能降低轻度、中度和重度污染土壤中有效Pb的含量,且随着有机肥用量增加降幅增大,其中在中度和重度污染程度土壤中尤为显著。各有机肥中以SM、PM处理的效果最为突出,其土壤有效Pb含量较对照分别降低24.22%~36.10%和19.33%~35.48%。5种有机肥处理土壤有效Pb含量都随时间呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,在培养至10 d达到峰值,此后逐步降低并在60 d后趋于稳定,其变化动态与Pb各形态转化动态具有一致性。经有机肥处理后,轻度污染土壤中,碳酸盐结合态铅(Carb-Pb)含量降低5.36%~12.91%,有机结合态铅(OM-Pb)含量稍有上升,残渣态铅(Res-Pb)含量增加18.92%~45.47%;在中度污染土壤中,Carb-Pb含量稍有下降,Res-Pb含量显著增加24.30%~38.04%;在重度污染土壤中,Carb-Pb含量无显著变化,OMPb和Res-Pb含量都有大幅增加,其增幅分别为14.46%~41.06%和29.02%~56.29%。土壤中Carb-Pb对有效Pb具有显著正向贡献,而OM-Pb和Res-Pb表现为显著的负向贡献。研究表明,有机肥主要通过降低Carb-Pb含量而大幅增加OM-Pb和Res-Pb含量,使得土壤Pb的有效性显著降低。  相似文献   
6.
Selenium (Se) biofortification via crops is one of the best strategies to elevate the daily Se intake in areas where soil Se levels are low. However, Se fertilizer recovery (SeFR) is low and most of the Se taken up accumulates in non‐harvested plant parts and returns to the soil with plant residues. A pot experiment with soil was undertaken to study the efficiency of inorganic Se (Na2SeO4) and Se‐enriched plant residues for biofortification, as well as to identify the bottlenecks in Se utilization by Brassica napus L. The soil was fertilized with Na2SeO4 (0 and 7 µg Se kg?1) or with Se in stem or leaf residues (0 and 7 µg Se kg?1). A treatment with autoclaved soil was included (0 and 7 µg kg?1 as Na2SeO4) to unravel the impact of microbial activity on Se uptake. The Se‐enriched plant residues produced a lower Se uptake efficiency (SeUPE) and SeFR than did inorganic Se, and soil autoclaving enhanced Se accumulation in the plants. The time required for decomposition seems to preclude crop residues as an alternative source of Se. Furthermore, B. napus had a limited capacity to accumulate Se in seeds. The study shows that the bottlenecks in Se biofortification appear to be its low bioavailability in soil and poor loading from the silique walls to seeds. Thus, improved Se translocation to seeds would be a useful breeding goal in B. napus to increase SeFR.  相似文献   
7.
植物对硒的吸收转运和形态转化机制   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
阐述了植物对不同形态硒的吸收、转运和形态转化机制。植物主要吸收水溶性硒,包括部分有机硒、硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐。多数研究表明植物对硒酸盐的主动吸收是通过高亲和力的硫酸盐转运子完成,最近的研究表明磷酸盐可以调节亚硒酸盐的吸收,磷酸盐转运子在亚硒酸盐的主动吸收过程中有重要作用;植物吸收的硒酸盐很快从根部转移到地上部,在叶片中被还原成亚硒酸盐,进而转化为有机硒化物进入其他组织;而亚硒酸盐及其代谢产物主要积累在根部,极少转移到地上部。进入植物体中的硒转化为含硒氨基酸和硒蛋白参与植物的代谢。  相似文献   
8.
The effects of selenium (Se) cadmium (Cd) interactions on plant growth and metabolism are not fully clear. In the present study, we assessed whether Se could alleviate the toxic effects of Cd on growth and metabolism of maize. Seeds of maize variety FH-985 were sown in pots filled with sand treated with CdCl2 (0, 50 and 100 µM) and Se (0, 2 and 4 mg L?1) through Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Low Se (2 mg L?1) increased germination percentage and rate, while high Se (4 mg L?1) increased fresh and dry biomass under Cd stress. Interestingly, all Se concentrations were effective in alleviating the toxic effects of Cd on photosynthetic pigments, whereas higher Se mitigated the Cd-induced oxidative stress and increased flavonoids both in the shoots and roots while phenolics in the roots. The results demonstrated that root zone Se altered tissue-specific primary metabolism in maize. Furthermore, low Se mitigated the Cd-induced decrease in total proteins in the root. Overall, Se-mediated decrease in the oxidative stress in the shoots while increase of secondary metabolites in the roots helped the plants to grow faster at early growth stage and caused increase in the biomass under different Cd regimes.  相似文献   
9.
This study was conducted to investigate the kinetics of Hg adsorption by noncrystalline Al hydroxide as influenced by various pH conditions and cysteine (cys), glycine (gly), and citric acid (cit), which have different structures and functionalities, as low-molecular-weight organic ligands using the GEOCHEM-PC software. The influence of these organic ligands on the kinetics of Hg adsorption varied according to their concentration, structure, and functionality and pH. The adsorption of Hg followed multiple first order kinetics with initial rapid adsorption, followed by slow adsorption. Cysteine suppressed or enhanced Hg adsorption, depending on pH and its concentration. Glycine and citric acid exerted suppressing and enhancing effects, respectively, with the exception of at pH 4.5 and at lower concentrations, at which no influence was observed as compared to the control. Two mechanisms were thought to mediate the adsorption of Hg(II); specific surface complexation in the control, cysteine and glycine systems, and ligand exchange in the citric acid system. The Hg adsorption at all levels of organic ligands decreased with increasing pH, with the exception of at the higher concentration of cysteine, at which the reverse trend was observed. The influence of organic ligands on the dynamics of Hg in the freshwater environment merits further study.  相似文献   
10.
Inorganic selenium (Se) in the form of selenite is applied to livestock to avoid Se deficiency. Selenite is, however, an artificial Se source in diets of unsupplemented chickens. It is therefore hypothesized that organic Se sources, such as Se‐enriched yeast and wheat, could be a more suitable Se supply in animal nutrition, although information on the transition of Se from organic Se sources in fast‐growing chickens is scarce. In this work, chickens were fed a low Se diet (0.27 ± 0.01 mg Se/kg, Se‐enriched yeast) until 20 days of age, after which the Se concentration was increased to maximum concentration allowed by the poultry industry in Europe (0.5 p.p.m. Se). At the same time, a daily contribution of carrier‐free 75Se tracer from labelled wheat was administered from day 20 to 27. The chickens showed S and Se homeostasis, as the concentration of S and Se in liver, blood or kidney remained about constant, and steady state of S and Se in the other organs was reached 1 day after the diet shift. The uptake of 75Se was readily seen in all organs. After 1 week, the depuration of the 75Se tracer was followed, and biological half‐lives and retention in individual organs were determined. The shortest biological half‐lives were observed in major metabolic organs, the liver, kidney and pancreas with half‐lives close to 4 days. There was a significant (p < 0.05) uptake in lung, brain and muscle that reached steady state when the administration of 75Se was terminated. The half‐life of 75Se in heart was 9 days and 7 days in blood. The longest half‐lives were observed in muscle (12 days), brain and lungs (13 days). All half‐lives were shorter than in Se deplete animals.  相似文献   
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