水稻不同生育期对硒的吸收、转运及累积规律

采用大田试验,研究土壤施用含硒肥料后水稻中硒的积累和分布的动态变化。结果表明:在水稻不同器官中硒的积累量与含硒肥料施用量呈正相关,相关系数达到0.98以上。水稻成熟期,硒施用量30 kg/hm2和120 kg/hm2处理全株硒浓度分别比对照处理提高了98.9%和313.7%。不同生育期,水稻各个器官中硒含量及累积量不同,水稻硒的生物富集高峰期表现在孕穗期,叶与水稻穗部吸收累积硒有着密切关系。水稻成熟期整个植株中硒的累积量为茎叶精米根颖壳。在整个水稻生育期硒有一定的运转累积规律:水稻分蘖期时,硒从根、茎流向叶片;孕穗期再由叶流向茎;灌浆期又从根运转到叶和穗中;最后成熟期叶中的硒流向穗。苗期施用含硒肥料是一条提高水稻硒含量的有效农艺措施。     

Uptake and remobilization of selenium in Brassica napus L. plants supplied with selenate or selenium‐enriched plant residues

Selenium (Se) biofortification via crops is one of the best strategies to elevate the daily Se intake in areas where soil Se levels are low. However, Se fertilizer recovery (SeFR) is low and most of the Se taken up accumulates in non‐harvested plant parts and returns to the soil with plant residues. A pot experiment with soil was undertaken to study the efficiency of inorganic Se (Na₂SeO₄) and Se‐enriched plant residues for biofortification, as well as to identify the bottlenecks in Se utilization by Brassica napus L. The soil was fertilized with Na₂SeO₄ (0 and 7 µg Se kg^?1) or with Se in stem or leaf residues (0 and 7 µg Se kg^?1). A treatment with autoclaved soil was included (0 and 7 µg kg^?1 as Na₂SeO₄) to unravel the impact of microbial activity on Se uptake. The Se‐enriched plant residues produced a lower Se uptake efficiency (SeUPE) and SeFR than did inorganic Se, and soil autoclaving enhanced Se accumulation in the plants. The time required for decomposition seems to preclude crop residues as an alternative source of Se. Furthermore, B. napus had a limited capacity to accumulate Se in seeds. The study shows that the bottlenecks in Se biofortification appear to be its low bioavailability in soil and poor loading from the silique walls to seeds. Thus, improved Se translocation to seeds would be a useful breeding goal in B. napus to increase SeFR.     

Study on the Nutritional-ecologic Environment of Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn and Se in Yili Summer Pasture of Xinjiang (Ⅰ)

This experiment objective was to study the Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se five kinds of trace element contents, distribution characteristics and mutual relations in the soil-grass-water (stream) in Yili pastoral area of Xinjiang, to evaluate the trace elements nutritional-ecologic environment of Yili summer pasture in Xinjiang.At the altitudinal belt of 1400 to 2999 m of the summer pasture of the Karajon grassland (South slope) and Tangbula grassland (North slope) of Yili, Xinjiang, the samples of soil (n=75), herbage (n=75), stream water (n=75) were collected according to the altitude, to determine their contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se for evaluating the nutritional-ecologic environment of trace elements of Yili summer pasture.The results showed that the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn in the soil of summer pasture on average were 15 418.4, 32.6, 474.5 and 115.8 mg/kg, respectively;And 446.0, 7.8, 85.7 and 41.9 mg/kg, respectively in forage;The correlation (R²) of the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn between soil and forage were 0.43, 0.82, 0.47 and 0.72, respectively;The changes of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in the soil and forage were not significantly related with the altitude.There were no the 4 elements mentioned above in river streams, there was no Se in the soil and forage, and there was infinitesimal of Se in the river streams.It was concluded that in Yili summer pasture there were excessive Fe, suitable Zn and Mn, insufficient Cu, and more insufficient Se.     

Root zone selenium reduces cadmium toxicity by modulating tissue-specific growth and metabolism in maize (Zea mays L.)

The effects of selenium (Se) cadmium (Cd) interactions on plant growth and metabolism are not fully clear. In the present study, we assessed whether Se could alleviate the toxic effects of Cd on growth and metabolism of maize. Seeds of maize variety FH-985 were sown in pots filled with sand treated with CdCl₂ (0, 50 and 100 µM) and Se (0, 2 and 4 mg L^?1) through Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Low Se (2 mg L^?1) increased germination percentage and rate, while high Se (4 mg L^?1) increased fresh and dry biomass under Cd stress. Interestingly, all Se concentrations were effective in alleviating the toxic effects of Cd on photosynthetic pigments, whereas higher Se mitigated the Cd-induced oxidative stress and increased flavonoids both in the shoots and roots while phenolics in the roots. The results demonstrated that root zone Se altered tissue-specific primary metabolism in maize. Furthermore, low Se mitigated the Cd-induced decrease in total proteins in the root. Overall, Se-mediated decrease in the oxidative stress in the shoots while increase of secondary metabolites in the roots helped the plants to grow faster at early growth stage and caused increase in the biomass under different Cd regimes.     

生产富硒稻谷的硒肥施用技术研究

以三系杂交水稻Ⅱ优7号和川香9838为试材,在大田栽培条件下,设置不同的硒肥叶面喷施时期以及硒肥施用量和施用方式试验,研究生产富硒稻谷的硒肥施用技术.结果表明:二次枝梗原基分化期和齐穗后6～12 d是籽粒吸收硒元素的关键时期,在这两个时期叶面喷施硒肥可以显著的提高水稻的产量和籽粒中的硒含量,增产的主要原因是促进了结实率的提高,同时千粒重也略有增加；在二次枝梗原基分化期和齐穗后10 d左右两次喷施长沙隆兴化工有限公司生产的有机富硒液体肥各3000 mL/hm2,稻米产品中硒含量稳定且符合富硒稻米国家标准( GB/T22499-2008).     

不同配方含硒叶面肥对水稻富硒降镉的影响

【目的】探索不同配方含硒叶面肥对水稻的富硒降镉效应及适宜施用环境,为富硒降镉型叶面肥开发和利用提供参考。【方法】以喷施清水为对照(CK),配制4种配方的含硒叶面肥,分别在低硒中低度镉污染和富硒高镉污染的稻田中施用,水稻成熟后测定水稻精米中的硒含量和镉含量。【结果】在低硒中低度镉污染稻田中,不同配方含硒叶面肥对水稻精米均有富硒降镉效果,配方1~4处理水稻精米中的硒含量分别比CK增加57.3%、83.4%、27.1%和108.6%,镉含量分别比CK显著降低62.5%、88.6%、88.9%和86.1%(P0.05,下同)。在富硒高镉污染稻田中,配方1~4处理水稻精米中的硒含量分别比CK显著提高280.1%、422.1%、152.7%和503.2%,但不同配方含硒叶面肥处理水稻精米镉含量与CK无显著差异(P0.05)。【结论】在有氮、磷、钾营养元素存在且叶面肥呈酸性的条件下,含硒叶面肥对水稻精米的富硒效果最佳,而硫酸锌和硫酸镁的存在可能降低其富硒效率。在低硒中低度镉污染的稻田中施用含硒叶面肥能显著降低水稻精米中的镉含量,但在富硒高镉污染的稻田中施用并无降镉效果。     

叶面喷施硒肥对裸燕麦产量和品质的影响

为了解裸燕麦叶面喷硒效应,以优质高产裸燕麦品种坝莜1号为材料,在三叶期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期前10d叶面喷施不同量硒肥,形成6个处理,分析了叶面喷施硒肥对裸燕麦坝莜1号经济性状、产量、籽实品质及硒含量的影响。结果表明,喷施硒肥对于裸燕麦的经济性状、籽粒产量、生物产量、粗脂肪含量、淀粉含量均没有显著影响(P0.05),而对籽粒粗蛋白质含量和全硒含量有显著的增加作用,其中在三叶期和拔节期喷施1号硒肥1 500g·hm-2、抽穗期和成熟期前10d喷施2号硒肥6 000g·hm-2条件下,籽粒粗蛋白含量最高,达到18.9%,但硒肥喷施量对籽粒粗蛋白含量的影响缺乏规律性。随着硒肥喷施量的增加,裸燕麦籽粒硒含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。在最大喷施量即三叶期和拔节期喷施1号硒肥2 100g·hm-2、抽穗期和成熟期前10d左右喷施2号硒肥8 400g·hm-2条件下,籽粒硒含量最高,达到83.5μg·kg-1。     

氢化物发生－原子荧光法同时测定土壤样品中 As 和 Se

[目的]研究采用氢化物发生–原子荧光法同时测定土壤样品中As和Se含量的可行性。[方法]研究炉高、负高压、灯电流、载气流速、屏蔽气流速、还原剂种类、酸度浓度、硼氢化钾浓度对原子荧光法同时测定As和Se含量的影响,采用氢化物原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤样品As和Se含量。[结果]氢化物发生–原子荧光法测定As的检出限为0.370 ng/m L,Se的检出限为0.430 ng/m L,As和Se的相对标准偏差分别为1.28%和2.73%。[结论]氢化物发生–原子荧光法用于同时测定土壤样品中As和Se含量可行,能完全满足土壤样中As、Se的测定要求。     

硒在植物中的生物学效应

随着对硒元素的逐步认识,研究者发现其在植物中的生物学效应十分显著.文章从硒对植物生长发育和提高作物产量与品质的作用、对种子萌发的影响、对根系活力及其能量代谢的影响等等方面做一综述.     

优质富硒玉米新品种晋糯8号的开发利用

优质富硒玉米晋糯8号,种子黄色,F1果穗黑色;生育期短,抗多种病害,适应性广;花丝、穗轴紫红色,穗型美观;糯中带甜,营养丰富,粗蛋白12.43%,粗脂肪3.76%,硒(Se)0.473mg/kg。其用途较广,鲜穗可直接出售,整穗速冻、真空包装保鲜加工,干籽粒加工利用,花丝、穗轴、秸秆等都有很高的利用价值。