不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发育相对应。比较轮作藜麦及轮作玉米的整体表现,以轮作玉米调控马铃薯连作障碍的效果较好。     

马铃薯与玉米复合种植对土壤化感物质及土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为探究马铃薯与玉米复合种植对化感物质积累与细菌群落结构的影响,分析轮作、间作缓解连作障碍的机制,本研究以马铃薯连作、玉米连作、马铃薯||玉米间作、马铃薯-玉米轮作第8年的土壤为对象,利用GC-MS测定土壤中化感物质含量,并采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌16Sr DNA V4-V5区域进行测序,分析土壤中细菌多样性和群落结构的变化,并对化感物质和优势菌属进行相关性分析。结果表明:玉米连作和马铃薯连作会导致化感物质的积累,玉米连作土壤积累了更多的油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、木焦油酸等脂肪酸,马铃薯连作土壤积累了更多的硬脂醇、二十烷醇等脂肪醇类物质。轮作降低了大部分化感物质的积累,间作降低的化感物质种类相对轮作较少。不同种植方式下土壤细菌群落结构发生了显著变化,相对于连作,间作和轮作Ace指数和Chao指数显著升高。在门水平上,轮作土壤放线菌丰度显著高于马铃薯连作土壤,间作土壤拟杆菌门丰度显著低于玉米连作土壤,两种连作土壤中酸杆菌门丰度都较轮作显著升高。在属水平上,一些有益细菌如节杆菌属、溶杆菌属等在复合种植土壤中相对丰度更高。通过相关性分析发现土微菌属、小梨形菌属与脂肪醇类物质呈显著正相关,黄杆菌属、溶杆菌属、微杆菌属等与脂肪酸类物质呈显著负相关。马铃薯与玉米复合种植降低了化感物质在土壤中的积累,从而抑制了土壤细菌丰度的降低,提高了有益菌属丰度,消减了连作障碍。     

中稻和双孢蘑菇轮作效益研究

[目的]研究中稻和双孢蘑菇轮作的效益。[方法]通过2014—2016年连续3年中稻和双孢蘑菇轮作试验,研究中稻和双孢蘑菇轮作产生的经济效益和生态效益。[结果]中稻和双孢蘑菇轮作收到了较好的经济效益:纯收入30万~50万元/(hm2·a),是单纯栽培中稻的10多倍,经济效益主要来源于双孢蘑菇栽培。中稻和双孢蘑菇轮作有效改善了稻田土壤肥力和基本理化性质,提高了土壤有效NPK含量和有机质含量。[结论]中稻和双孢蘑菇轮作生产措施简单粗放,省工省时,适合大面积推广。     

双孢菇-草菇轮作栽培技术——以安徽省淮北地区为例

[目的]探索双孢菇、草菇轮作栽培技术,建立适合安徽省淮北地区的食用菌种植模式。[方法]夏季温度较高时种植草菇,春、秋、冬季温度低时利用草菇废料再辅以加温装置种植双孢菇。[结果]通过实践总结,草菇与双孢菇轮作,每座1 000 m2的菇房在原来单种双孢菇的基础上每年可增收近3万元,秋、冬、春季种植双孢菇,可岀菇15 kg/m2,夏季轮作草菇,可岀菇5 kg/m2,菇房产出约10万元。[结论]双孢菇、草菇轮作栽培可以提高原料的利用率,同时也确保了菇房常年不闲,提高了土地产出。     

轮作与连作对美引品种NC102和NC297烟叶品质的影响

[目的]研究轮作和连作对美引品种NC102和NC297烟叶品质的影响,为其优质烟叶的生产提供理论依据。[方法]研究轮作和3年连作对NC102和NC297品种种植区域的土壤理化性状、养分及烟叶化学成分、感官质量和经济效益的影响。[结果]NC102和NC297品种连作3年后,土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量均下降;土壤酸化现象明显;与3年连作田相比,轮作田种植的NC102和NC297品种烟叶主要化学成分协调性更好,感官评吸质量及经济效益更优。[结论]轮作是提高NC102和NC297品种烟叶品质、保证烟农利益的重要耕作制度。     

A cropping system assessment framework—Evaluating effects of introducing legumes into crop rotations

Methods are needed for the design and evaluation of cropping systems, in order to test the effects of introducing or reintroducing crops into rotations. The interaction of legumes with other crops (rotational effects) requires an assessment at the cropping system scale. The objective of this work is to introduce a cropping system framework to assess the impacts of changes in cropping systems in a participatory approach with experts, i.e., the integration of legumes into crop rotations and to demonstrate its application in two case studies. The framework consists of a rule-based rotation generator and a set of algorithms to calculate impact indicators. It follows a three-step approach: (i) generate rotations, (ii) evaluate crop production activities using environmental, economic and phytosanitary indicators, and (iii) design cropping systems and assess their impacts. Experienced agronomists and environmental scientists were involved at several stages of the framework development and testing in order to ensure the practicability of designed cropping systems. The framework was tested in Västra Götaland (Sweden) and Brandenburg (Germany) by comparing cropping systems with and without legumes. In both case studies, cropping systems with legumes reduced nitrous oxide emissions with comparable or slightly lower nitrate-N leaching, and had positive phytosanitary effects. In arable systems with grain legumes, gross margins were lower than in cropping systems without legumes despite taking pre-crop effects into account. Forage cropping systems with legumes had higher or equivalent gross margins and at the same time higher environmental benefits than cropping systems without legumes. The framework supports agronomists to design sustainable legume-supported cropping systems and to assess their impacts.     

Promoting old-growth characteristics and long-term wood production in Douglas-fir forests

Trade-offs among wood production, wood quality and ecological characteristics in the management of harvested forest stands are explored through model simulation of various silvicultural regimes. Long-term production of merchantable wood, production of various types of high-quality wood, and the level of certain quantitative ecological indicators are projected for coniferous forests of Pacific Northwestern USA. The set of ecological indicators used is based on the species composition and physical structure of old, unlogged forest stands. Simulations are performed with an ecological model of forest stand dynamics that tracks the fate of live and dead trees. Short rotations (<50 years) produce the least amount of high-quality wood over the multi-century simulation period. They also fail to generate ecological attributes resembling those of old forest stands. Production of high-quality wood is moderate to high under all rotations of 80 years or more; however, most ecological indicators require longer rotations unless alternatives to clearcutting are applied. Alternatives examined include retention of 15% cover of live tree canopy at each harvest in combination with artificial thinning between harvests. Thinning from below can expedite the development of large live and dead trees, and canopy height diversity without greatly diminishing wood quantity or quality. Proportional thinning retains understory stems, thereby expediting the recruitment of shade-tolerant trees. A possible drawback to thinning, particularly proportional thinning, is the diminished production of clean-bole wood at rotations of 150 and 260 years. It is concluded that most wood quantity, wood quality and ecological objectives can be met with long rotations (ca. 260 years). Certain objectives can be met with shorter rotations (80–150 years) when treatments of thinning and canopy tree retention are applied.     

Biodiversity policies in commercial boreal forests: Optimal design of subsidy and tax combinations

This paper examines the first-best instruments for biodiversity maintenance in commercial boreal forests when landowners behave either in Faustmannian or Hartmanian way. Using an extended Hartman model, we show that biodiversity conservation requires both prolonged rotation age and leaving retention trees. While the former promotes some old growth species, the latter create new structural elements of decaying and dead wood, which can sustain a variety of saprolyxic species. A fully synchronized combination of retention tree subsidy and tax instrument is needed both to lengthen the privately optimal rotation period and to provide an incentive to leave retention trees. Using Finnish data we illustrate empirically the sizes of instruments. When combined with a harvest tax, the retention tree subsidy is 1000 and 750 € in the Faustmann and in the Hartman model, respectively. When used with a timber subsidy or a site value tax, the retention tree subsidy is 1700 €/ha in both models. The harvest tax rate varies over the range 40–65% in the Faustmann model and 20–40% in the Hartman model, while timber subsidy is between 0.5–1.0% and site value tax is about 1.75%.     

基于Curvelet-散射特征的图像纹理分类

在二代曲线波的基础上,提出一种旋转不变曲波特征,然后结合具有平移不变性和Lipschitz连续性的散射向量特征用于对纹理图像的分类研究.通过系统分析以及严格实验可以得出,旋转不变曲波纹理特征优于广泛使用的Gabor纹理特征,且Curvelet-散射组合特征在纹理分类上具有很高准确率以及计算纹理特征的效率,和单一的散射特征相比,具有一定的优势.     

北方大棚西瓜-大葱轮作模式的增产增效分析

采用秋季播种大葱,春天收获大葱后定植西瓜的轮作模式,获得了增产增收的效果。西瓜产量每667m2增产8.5%,效益每667m2增加了1287.1元。