根-土界面的微生态过程与有机污染物的环境行为研究

土壤-植物系统是地球生态系统中与人类生存与健康关系最为密切的亚系统。该系统中有机污染物的运移必须历经根-土界面多层次的微生态过程的控制。这些微生态过程涉及到系统中许多生物、生物化学和物理化学反应机理,与土壤中污染物迁移转化及其归宿等环境行为具有密切的关系。理解这些微生态过程及其对有机污染物环境行为的影响,对提高作物生长、改善土壤环境质量和提高农产品品质安全具有直接的理论和实践指导意义。     

快剪条件下柠条和沙地柏根系提高土壤抗剪特性研究

采用直剪仪对2种沙生植物的重塑的根~土复合体及素土进行快剪试验,探讨其抗剪强度以及根径和垂直压力对抗剪强度的影响,结果表明:柠条(Caragana m icrophyllaLam.)、沙地柏(Sabina valgarisAnt.)根~土复合体在1.5m(25kPa)的浅层土体范围内抗剪强度均大于素土,2种植物根~土复合体的综合内摩擦角与素土相比差异不明显;在根径相同(1.25mm)的情况下2种植物根~土复合体的粘聚力均大于素土,其粘聚力增加率的变化范围在31.6%~46.23%之间,大小为柠条>沙地柏;2种植物随着根径的增加,复合体的抗剪强度均有不同程度的增大。     

Research on the Effect of Plant Combination Types on the Shear Strength of the Root-soil Composite System of Alpine Grassland in the Source Region of the Yellow River北大核心CSCD

In this study,an alpine grassland in Henan County,Qinghai Province,in the source region of the Yellow River,was selected as the study area. The shear strength of root-soil composite system characteristics of 6 different plant combination types of grassland were explored by field investigation and sampling and indoor tests,which aimed to provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling soil erosion and shallow landslide caused by grassland degradation. The test results showed that the shear strength of root-soil composite system of 6 different combinations was a increasing trend with the decrease of altitude. Namely,the shear strength of the root-soil composite system of Stipa purpurea Griseb. + Kobresia pygmaea C. B. Clarke at the top of the sunny slope was 27.76 kPa and the value of Elymus nutans Griseb. at the bottom of the sunny slope was 37.53 kPa. The reasons why the shear strength of 6 kinds of combinations varied from large to small with the decrease of altitude were related to their density,moisture content,root content and dry weight of roots in the root-soil composite system samples. That is,the root content of composite system at the top,middle and bottom of the sunny slope were 6.2%,5.5% and 16.2%,respectively. The values at the top,middle and bottom of the shady slope were 8.0%,11.4% and 31.6%,respectively. © 2019 China Agricultural University. All rights reserved.     

Factors influencing the association between active ingredient and adjuvant in the leaf deposit of adjuvant-containing suspoemulsion formulations

BACKGROUND: For an oil adjuvant to enhance uptake of a particulate active ingredient (AI), it is hypothesised that closer association between the two should result in higher uptake. Accordingly, factors important for the spray deposit size on grapevine leaves have been investigated for a series of model suspoemulsion formulations containing colloidal crystalline AI or fluorescent pigment particles and an emulsion of an oil adjuvant with different degrees of wetting and different spray volumes. RESULTS: Low spray volumes (<100 L ha(-1)) produced small deposits with high particle-adjuvant association. Complementary uptake studies showed increased uptake with decreasing deposit size, in agreement with the above hypothesis. Higher spray volumes produced larger deposits that consisted of annuli formed by pinning of the contact line by particles. Low surfactant concentrations favoured particles in the annulus and adjuvant separated in the centre. Intermediate surfactant concentrations produced annuli containing both particles and adjuvant, while with high surfactant concentrations the deposits were large with few annuli.CONCLUSIONS: Small deposits result in high AI-adjuvant association. With larger deposits, annulus structures allow for enhanced AI-adjuvant association (5-20 times greater). The formation of annuli appears to be important in enhancing the biodelivery of particulate AIs in adjuvant-containing suspoemulsion formulations at intermediate spray volumes.     

Life-history characteristics of an age-validated established invasive African sharptooth catfish,Clarias gariepinus,population in a warm–temperate African impoundment

It has been suggested that the invasive, omnivorous Clarias garipienus is capable of rapid invasions and long-term persistence in recently inhabited freshwater systems. To test this hypothesis, the life history of the established, extralimital Darlington Dam (33°10’31”S, 25°09’13”E) population was investigated. By counting post-fluorescent mark increments on otoliths from 21 chemically tagged wild fish recaptured 244–537 days later, the deposition of growth zones, comprising alternating opaque and translucent bands, was validated as annual. Examination of sectioned otoliths from 175 fish revealed that the oldest fish, two males of 840 and 1074 mm total length (TL), were 25 years old – 10 years older than previously described for any C. gariepinus population. The oldest female was 885 mm TL and 21 years old. Length-at-age was subsequently described using the von Bertalanffy growth model. Combined-sex growth was best described as L_t = 931.7(1– exp(–0.15(t+2.43))) mm TL. Total mortality (Z) was calculated using catch curve analysis and the Chapman & Robson estimator to be 0.35/yr. The presence of specimens 15 years and older indicates that these fish established quicklyand supports the finding that mortality rates are low, which, in turn, suggests likely long-term population persistence.     

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A HORIZONTAL ANNULUS

A second law analysis is carried out on convective heat transfer through a horizontal annulus with constant heat flux. The entropy generation rate expression is obtained,and the influence of heat transfer across a finite temperature difference and fluid friction on the entropy generation rate is discussed. The optimum geometric parameters of a horfzontal annulus is found for which the entropy generated is minimum. The optimum fluid velocity which corresponds to the optimum geometric parameters is recommended.     

山鸡椒酒精浸提液对体外细菌的抑制对比研究

山鸡椒酒精浸提液对大肠杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、痢疾杆菌等4种细菌的抑制试验结果表明:山鸡椒酒精浸提液对这4种细菌都有非常强的抑制作用,且抑制的效果随着酒精浓度的降低逐渐降低。其中,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最好,蜡样芽胞杆菌次之,大肠杆菌第三,痢疾杆菌最差。对抑制时间的研究结果表明,山鸡椒酒精浸提取液对大肠杆菌起杀菌作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制时间最长,蜡样芽胞杆菌次之,痢疾杆菌最短。     

水培生菜自动纵向包装装置设计与试验

为提升设施园艺中水培生菜生产全程机械化水平,设计了收获后生菜自动纵向包装装置,包括导向装盒机构、切膜与封膜机构等。利用聚拢气缸和压菜气缸执行生菜纵向装盒,同时利用导向环保证装盒过程中生菜偏移、翻转等位姿要求;通过柔性毛刷对薄膜的梳刷作用及薄膜自粘性使其贴于包装盒,完成包装盒封膜。根据生菜挤压试验、力学分析、理论计算,分别确定了包装盒尺寸、导向装盒机构参数、切膜与封膜机构参数。基于高速摄像,提出了生菜水平偏移、姿态角量化方法;通过生菜装盒位姿特性试验,研究了导向环对装盒过程生菜位姿特性的影响。研制了自动包装样机,利用正交试验优化了切膜作业参数并进行了试验验证。生菜装盒位姿特性试验结果显示:生菜入盒时有导向环水平偏移平均值、姿态角平均值分别为5. 8 mm、17. 9°,相较无导向环时分别减小75. 0%、74. 2%,导向环保证了生菜纵向装盒成功率。正交试验结果显示:切膜作业参数最优组合为薄膜纵向切刀与薄膜夹角30°、拉膜辊拉膜速度300 mm/s、薄膜横向切刀速度500 mm/s。最优参数组合下,包装成功率为96%,样机单次包装用时10. 5 s,比人工缩短58%。     

瓣结鱼的年轮特征与年龄鉴定

根据分别采集于贵州清水江和都柳江的316例瓣结鱼标本,观察了瓣结鱼鳞片、主鳃盖骨、背鳍条、脊椎骨和匙骨等5种材料的年轮特征并进行了瓣结鱼的年龄鉴定。结果表明,瓣结鱼这5种年龄鉴定材料的年轮特征各不相同。其中瓣结鱼鳞片和主鳃盖骨的年轮最为清晰,而匙骨的年轮则较为模糊。分别采用鳞片、主鳃盖骨、背鳍条和脊椎骨等4种材料对瓣结鱼年龄鉴定的结果表明,鳞片和主鳃盖骨年龄鉴定的吻合率最高,达92.1%,瓣结鱼鳞片的年轮形成期主要在每年的5月、8月和10月。鳞片为瓣结鱼年龄鉴定的主要依据材料,而主鳃盖骨和背鳍条则为瓣结鱼年龄鉴定的重要佐证。     

Pulsed tissue Doppler imaging of the left ventricular septal mitral annulus in healthy dogs

This study evaluated pulsed TDI variables including the isovolumic time interval and duration of the major wave in a population of large healthy dogs. Longitudinal myocardial motion at the septal mitral annulus was evaluated with pulsed TDI in 45 healthy adult dogs. Maximal myocardial velocities, isovolumic time intervals, and duration of the myocardial waves were measured. The correlation between time intervals and velocity variables was also investigated. The mean maximal systolic velocity was 6.92 ± 1.78 cm/sec, the mean early diastolic velocity (Em) was 6.58 ± 1.81 cm/sec, the mean late diastolic velocity (Am) was 5.10 ± 2.00 cm/sec, the mean isovolumic contraction time (IVCT) was 53.61 ± 95.13 msec, and the mean isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) was 26.74 ± 57.24 msec. The early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E)/Em ratio was 10.94 ± 3.27 while the Em/Am ratio was 1.40 ± 0.40. There was a negative correlation between Am duration and Am amplitude, and a positive correlation between the IVRT and Em/Am ratio (p < 0.05). The normal LV parameter using pulsed TDI method could be used as the reference range for identifying myocardial dysfunction in dogs.