典型农田根际土壤伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其多样性

在根际环境中伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderiales)是一类重要的植物促生菌,其群落结构变化可能会影响植物的生长和发育。本研究针对伯克霍尔德氏菌目,采用特异性引物16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,研究了田间条件下黑土、潮土和红壤中玉米根际伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其对地上部作物生物量和产量的可能影响。结果表明:在三种土壤类型中,与未施肥相比,施肥对伯克霍尔德氏菌目的丰富度和多样性均没有显著影响。在伯克霍尔德氏菌的科水平主要检测到三类细菌,分别为草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)和伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae),且草酸杆菌科是其中的优势菌。此外,施肥显著增加了有机质含量较低的潮土中马赛菌(Massilia spp.和Massilia sp. WG5)和伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaspp.)的相对丰度(P<0.05);增加了酸性红壤中草螺旋菌(Herbaspirillumsp.ZM319)的相对丰度,但降低了Noviherbaspirillum spp.的相对丰度(P<0.05);而在有机质含...     

嫁接对西瓜根际微生物种群数量及群落结构的影响

分别采用微生物培养的方法、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法和phl D基因PCR-RFLP方法研究了嫁接对西瓜根际微生物种群数量、细菌群落结构及拮抗菌（2, 4-DAPG产生菌）群落结构的影响。结果表明：① 嫁接西瓜根际细菌和真菌数量有所提高,而放线菌数量则有所减少。② 嫁接西瓜与自根西瓜具有1个相同的主要根际细菌基因型;不同砧木嫁接的西瓜与自根西瓜也分别具有不同基因型的细菌。③ 嫁接西瓜具有与自根西瓜不同的主要根际拮抗菌基因型。     

Mixotrophy in a Local Strain of Nannochloropsis granulata for Renewable High-Value Biomass Production on the West Coast of Sweden

A local strain of Nannochloropsis granulata (Ng) has been reported as the most productive microalgal strain in terms of both biomass yield and lipid content when cultivated in photobioreactors that simulate the light and temperature conditions during the summer on the west coast of Sweden. To further increase the biomass and the biotechnological potential of this strain in these conditions, mixotrophic growth (i.e., the simultaneous use of photosynthesis and respiration) with glycerol as an external carbon source was investigated in this study and compared with phototrophic growth that made use of air enriched with 1–2% CO₂. The addition of either glycerol or CO₂-enriched air stimulated the growth of Ng and theproduction of high-value long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA) as well as the carotenoid canthaxanthin. Bioassays in human prostate cell lines indicated the highest antitumoral activity for Ng extracts and fractions from mixotrophic conditions. Metabolomics detected betaine lipids specifically in the bioactive fractions, suggesting their involvement in the observed antitumoral effect. Genes related to autophagy were found to be upregulated by the most bioactive fraction, suggesting a possible therapeutic target against prostate cancer progression. Taken together, our results suggest that the local Ng strain can be cultivated mixotrophically in summer conditions on the west coast of Sweden for the production of high-value biomass containing antiproliferative compounds, carotenoids, and EPA.     

根系分泌物与土传病害的关系研究进展

根系分泌物是植物-土壤-病原微生物相互作用的桥梁,是决定病原菌-作物关系的关键生态因子,影响着土传病害的发生与发展.本文阐述了根系分泌物的定义、分类及产生机理;重点从根系分泌物的化感自毒效应,根系分泌物诱导根际微生物群落,根系分泌物影响病原菌丰度,根系分泌物影响根际土壤环境4个方面阐述了根系分泌物与土传病害的关系;并从...     

Effects of substrate sterilization,fungicide treatment,and mycorrhization helper bacteria on ectomycorrhizal formation of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) inoculated with Laccaria laccata in two peat bare-root nurseries

Summary Pedunculate oak seedlings (Quercus robur) inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria lacata were grown for 1 year on fertilized sphagnum peat in two nurseries. Three factors affecting microbial populations in the substrate were studied, fungicide treatment of the seeds, peat disinfection before sowing (methyl bromide or steam pasteurization), and inoculation with mycorrhization helper bacteria. Treatment of acorns with Iprodione had no depressive effect on mycorrhiza formation. Both disinfection techniques were equivalent, stimulating or depressing mycorrhiza formation depending on the initial microflora in the peat. The introduction of two previously selected mycorrhization helper bacteria (one Pseudomonas fluorescens and one unidentified fluorescent pseudomonad), isolated from L. laccata sporocarps associated with Douglas fir—L. laccata ectomycorrhizas in other nurseries, significantly increased the mycorrhizal rate from 30 to 53% of the short roots. The implications of these results for the controlled mycorrhization of planting stocks and the specificity of mycorrhization helper bacteria are discussed.     

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of mangroves in a semiarid coastal lagoon

 The phosphate-solubilizing potential of the rhizosphere microbial community in mangroves was demonstrated when culture media supplemented with insoluble, tribasic calcium phosphate, and incubated with roots of black (Avicennia germinans L.) and white [Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.] mangrove became transparent after a few days of incubation. Thirteen phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of both species of mangroves: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Paenibacillus macerans, Vibrio proteolyticus, Xanthobacter agilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter taylorae, Enterobacter asburiae, Kluyvera cryocrescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Chryseomonas luteola. One bacterial isolate could not be identified. The rhizosphere of black mangroves also yielded the fungus Aspergillus niger. The phosphate-solubilizing activity of the isolates was first qualitatively evaluated by the formation of halos (clear zones) around the colonies growing on solid medium containing tribasic calcium phosphate as a sole phosphorus source. Spectrophotometric quantification of phosphate solubilization showed that all bacterial species and A. niger solubilized insoluble phosphate well in a liquid medium, and that V. proteolyticus was the most active solubilizing species among the bacteria. Gas chromatographic analyses of cell-free spent culture medium from the various bacteria demonstrated the presence of 11 identified, and several unidentified, volatile and nonvolatile organic acids. Those most commonly produced by different species were lactic, succinic, isovaleric, isobutyric, and acetic acids. Most of the bacterial species produced more than one organic acid whereas A. niger produced only succinic acid. We propose the production of organic acids by these mangrove rhizosphere microorganisms as a possible mechanism involved in the solubilization of insoluble calcium phosphate. Received: 21 April 1999     

土壤生物在土壤磷有效化中的作用

本文概述了磷被土壤组分固定的机制,详述了土壤微生物,根,菌根和蚯蚓在提高土壤磷植物有效性中起的作用。土壤生物对磷的活化作用主要机制为;通过产生质子和有机酸溶解不溶态无机磷,通过分泌磷酸酶水解有机磷,这种作用受土壤供磷与植物对磷需求间平衡的调控。     

大气CO2浓度升高对植物 土壤系统地下过程影响的研究

综述了大气CO2浓度升高对根系、根际、根系分泌物、土壤呼吸和土壤物质转化和C、N循环影响的研究进展,阐述了有关实验的研究情况,以及它们在整个生态系统响应大气CO2浓度升高中的重要作用、目前研究中存在的争论、以及还需要研究的领域和方向及其研究的重要性。     

The influence of nitrogen fertilisation on bacterial activity in the rhizosphere of barley

The effect of nitrogen addition on the activity of rhizosphere bacteria was studied using barley seedlings. Three different nitrogen sources were added to the soil (nitrate, ammonium and ammonium+nitrate) at four different concentrations (0, 100, 300 and 500 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) and the plants were allowed to grow for 6 weeks. The bacterial activity was estimated by measuring thymidine and leucine incorporation into bacteria extracted using homogenisation-centrifugation. Bulk soil bacterial activity was low compared with that of rhizosphere bacteria. Nitrogen addition did not affect the activity of the bulk soil bacteria, indicating that the activity was not nitrogen limited. The thymidine and leucine incorporation rates of rhizosphere bacteria decreased when ammonium or ammonium+nitrate was applied compared with the non-amended controls. No effect on bacterial activity was found following nitrate addition. There was a significant positive correlation between rhizosphere bacterial activity and rhizosphere pH. Shoot length following ammonium treatment was significant lower than in the non-amended control, while nitrate and ammonium+nitrate addition had no effect. This indicates that the varying effects due to nitrogen sources on rhizosphere bacterial activity were not due to effects on plant growth.     

Isotopic detection of recent photosynthate carbon flow into grassland rhizosphere fauna

In this study, we measured the incorporation of recent photosynthate-C inputs into active rhizosphere fauna (earthworms, enchytraeids, mites and collembolans) in an upland grassland soil under natural environmental conditions. This was achieved by means of a ¹³CO₂ pulse-chase experiment made during the growing season, followed by a 20-day dynamic sampling of soil fauna for ¹²C/¹³C analysis by IRMS. The effect of post-¹³C labelling defoliation (cutting) on fauna ¹²C/¹³C ratios was also examined.Results showed that earthworms made up over 93% of the extracted fauna biomass, while mites, collembolans and enchytraeids together accounted for less than 7%. All fauna groups showed evidence of tracer ¹³C in their tissues within a week of ¹³CO₂ pulse labelling in both control and cut treatments. Cutting significantly increased the amount of tracer ¹³C entering the organisms (P=0.0002). Similarly, the fauna group also had a significant effect (P=0.0001). Time did not have any effect on fauna ¹³C content between groups as differences were only significant at the last sampling occasion. The interaction time×animal group, however, had a significant effect (P=0.0054).Collembolans accounted for most of the tracer ¹³C measured within the fauna biomass, i.e. mean±standard deviation of 44.78±12.75% and 44.29±14.69% of fauna ¹³C in control and cut treatments, respectively. Mites and earthworms contained between 22.13% and 28.45%, and enchytraeids less than 6% of the tracer ¹³C. We conclude that, during the growing season, there was a rapid incorporation of recent photosynthate-C into rhizosphere mesofauna. This carbon transfer was most significantly increased by defoliation in mites and collembolans (P<0.01). These results provide evidence that soil foodweb carbon dynamics are not solely underpinned by detrital decomposition but are also affected by short-term plant rhizodeposition patterns.