从嘉禾屯田到现代水稻发展

水稻农耕的发展推动了人类文明的进步,水稻成为嘉兴最重要的粮食作物。解决好吃饭问题始终是治国理政的头等大事。介绍了嘉兴（嘉禾）屯田的历史和作用,屯田的主要目的是解决军供和民食。简述了嘉兴现代水稻发展的成就及未来粮食发展的重要性,指出了对策。     

脱硫废弃物与有机肥配合对盐碱地的改良效果

[目的]研究不同施量脱硫废弃物和不同种类有机肥配合施用对盐碱地油菜生长状况的影响。[方法]在乐都县高庙镇蒲家墩村,采用裂区试验设计,进行盐碱地改良试验。[结果]脱硫废弃物的不同施量对油菜的生理指标、千粒重、产量影响均未达到显著差异,不同种类有机肥和对照之间对油菜的生理指标、千粒重和产量也没达到显著差异。[结论]该研究为找到一个适合当地盐碱地的改良方案提供理论依据。     

基于支持向量机的农机装备水平差异分类研究

针对黑龙江垦区各农场农机装备水平不平衡差异问题,采用支持向量机多类分类和主成分分析相结合的方法进行研究。将农机装备水平分为3个等级水平,从总量、速度和均量3方面选取10个评价指标;采用主成分分析法确定5个主要合成指标;建立多类分类支持向量机新模型,把新模型转化成一个互补问题,利用Lagrangian隐函数进一步转化成一个强凸的无约束优化问题,采取快速牛顿算法进行求解;利用实证调研数据,从发展差异度的角度对黑龙江垦区98个农场农机装备水平的差异进行多指标分析,在分类的准确度和训练速度方面都有很好的表现。     

Cultivation Influences on Soil Organic Carbon Associated with Texture in Seasonally Frozen Zones

[Objective] This study aimed to examine indicative roles of texture representing soil organic carbon presence and variability subsequent to cultivation under cold temperate climates with seasonal freeze-thaw events.[Method] Three chronosequences were selected for paired comparisons.Soil samples were collected at six depths with a 10 cm increment.Analysis of variance with general linear model and regression was performed for statistical analysis.[Result] In seasonally frozen soils where fragmentation of macroaggregates was stimulated,soil organic carbon level was positively associated with clay ＋ silt proportion due to a wider textural range,better than sole clay content.Exponential function better fitted the experimental data to present progressively increased effectiveness of clay ＋ silt content in maintaining carbon.Clay content explained 12％-41％ and 14％-43％ of variation via linear and exponential functions,respectively.Accordingly,clay ＋ silt content explained 47％-65％ and 46％-70％.[Conclusion] Texture reflected soil organic carbon occurrence as consequences of reclamation.For seasonally frozen soils with wider textural ranges,it is robust to adapt clay ＋ silt content as dependent variable and exponential function.The generated algorithms provided an available pathway to estimate soil organic carbon losses following cultivation and to evaluate soil fertility.     

空心村废弃宅基地复垦策略

废弃宅基地复垦是空心村整治的重要内容,而复垦后耕层土壤质量往往不如人意。笔者以提高废弃宅基地复垦耕层质量为目标,从复垦方向的确定、拆除工程的实施、田块设计、耕层土壤工程重构、培肥改良5个方面对复垦策略进行优化,提出废弃宅基地复垦包括耕层土壤工程重构和肥力重构两个重要步骤,并对废弃宅基地耕层土壤快速培肥进行了探讨。     

荒漠-绿洲区潜在蒸散量变化特征及其影响因素

以新疆阿拉尔垦区为研究区,选取1961-2013年逐日地面气象要素值,采用Penman-Monteith模型、气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验和距平相关法,分时段分析了阿拉尔荒漠-绿洲区潜在蒸散量(ET0)变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:①ET0年际间波动较大,1987年前的减幅[52.4 mm·(10a)-1]高于1987年后的增幅[22.2 mm·(10a)-1],呈“高-低-高”的动态变化,1987年是年ET0突变点.②ET0四季性明显,为“夏＞春＞秋＞冬”的季节变化,1987年前的减幅[12.7 mm· (10a)-1、23.4 mm·(10a)-1、6.6 mm·(10a)-1、9.7mm·(10a)-1]高于1987年后的增幅[0.4 mm· (10a)-1、14.3 mm·(10a)-1、6.4 mm·(10a)-1、1.1 mm·(10a)-1],为“高-低-高”的年际变化,1987年后春季ET0的增幅最大.1987年是四季ET0突变点.③阿拉尔荒漠-绿洲区年ET0的变化主要与日照时数、平均相对湿度和平均风速有关,与气温关系不明显,1987年后年ET0的增加与日照时数的增加有关;季ET0的变化由日照时数、平均相对湿度、平均风速和气温多种气象因子共同作用.1987年后春季ET0的增加与气温的升高和日照时数的增加有关,冬季ET0的增加与平均相对湿度的增大、日照时数的增加和最高气温的降低有关,夏、秋季ET0的增加仅与日照时数的增加有关,与气温、湿度、风速关系不明显.     

Response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pseudostrobus</Emphasis> Lindl. to fertile growing medium and tephra-layer depth under greenhouse conditions

Major disturbances that remove vegetation cover create conditions that differ greatly from those in adjacent forests. In volcanic areas, tephra deposition can be a major disturbance that eliminates vegetation cover and creates a barrier for plant establishment. The eruption of the Paricutín volcano, in Michoacán, México, from 1943 to 1952, created large tephra deposits adjacent to forest stands. Many of these deposits still lack native vegetation and understanding of the limiting factors for establishment of native tree species is necessary to restore these areas. Pinus pseudostrobus early growth in response to the amount of fertile growing medium on top of a variable-depth tephra layer was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Increasing amounts of fertile growing medium increased height of 28-week-old plants (no growing medium = 5.5 cm tall ±1.8 cm, 3 cm of growing medium = 21.2 ± 4.6 cm and 6 cm of growing medium 24.8 ± 4.4 cm). Other variables showed the same trend (diameter, number of fascicles, belowground biomass and aboveground biomass). Our results suggest that P. pseudostrobus establishment in tephra covered areas will depend on the accumulation of a fertile layer of more than 3 cm in thickness.     

Visits to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from South Asia and the Middle East, 1946–1990: An indicator of changing international programs and politics

International study programs have contributed to the diffusion of modern irrigation technologies, approaches, and problems. But the patterns and processes of international travel have received little attention to date. This paper examines foreign visits to the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) from South Asia and the Middle East from 1946 to 1990. Using data from the Foreign Activities Branch of the USBR, we compare the participation rates from 16 countries in South Asia and the Middle East. India, Turkey, and Egypt had the highest rates of participation, followed by Pakistan, Iran, and Israel. The frequency of visits is influenced by political, economic, cultural, and institutional factors. But the most important factors appear to be foreign relations and geopolitics. Given the problems faced by national irrigation bureaucracies around the world, there is a need to focus more directly on political factors than in the past.     

The Nutritive Value and Yield of Alfalfa Cultivated on Sulphur Postmining Lands

The study was carried out on the reclaimed lands of a bore-hole sulphur mine. The cropping of two succeeding cuts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was determined and its chemical composition was analyzed. Alfalfa was cultivated on waste lime (flotation tailings), enriched with a humus layer. The levels of basic nutrients, total S, total F, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Mn were determined in alfalfa. The biomass of an average crop was 6830 kg  ha^–1 in the first cut and 14300 kg  ha^–1 in the second one. The yields of dry matter as well as of crude and true proteins were positively correlated with the phosphorus level in the dry matter of alfalfa (P < 0.01). The level of total sulphur was positively linearly correlated with the phosphorus content (P < 0.01). No harmful accumulation of sulphur or fluoride was observed. A deficiency of phosphorus in alfalfa and an abnormal Ca:P weight ratio was found. The S total level was positively correlated with N total concentration. (P < 0.01). The percentage of true protein in crude protein was negatively correlated with total sulphur (P < 0.01). The level of nonprotein nitrogen compounds was positively correlated with S total level (P < 0.01).     

脱硫石膏对次生碱化盐土的改良效果

由于土壤碱化引起物理性质恶化限制了土壤盐分淋洗,降低土壤交换性钠含量,提高土壤入渗率是决定碱化盐土能否改良成功的关键。通过油葵田间试验,探讨了脱硫石膏不同施用量(0、11.25、22.5、33.75、45 t/hm2)对次生碱化盐土的改良效果。结果表明:施用脱硫石膏可有效降低次生碱化盐土pH值、碱化度和总碱度,提高土壤入渗率,促进盐分离子淋洗。当脱硫石膏的施用量为11.25 t/hm2时,土壤pH值、碱化度和总碱度降低至8.20、7.66%和0.12 cmol/kg,并低于土壤发生碱化的临界指标,油葵成熟期株高、根长、单株干质量和产量分别达到74 cm、18.6 cm、57.6 g和1 077.0 kg/hm2。脱硫石膏改良效果和其用量不呈正相关,脱硫石膏过量可增加土壤可溶性全盐含量,抑制油葵生长发育。脱硫石膏中的Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd等重金属元素含量低于我国相关标准要求及试验田土壤背景值,施用脱硫石膏不会引起土壤重金属元素总量变化。