不同发育阶段日本落叶松人工林枯落物层微生物群落特征

为探寻日本落叶松人工林在中龄林或近熟林阶段地力衰退的机制，以分子生物学实验手段与常规实验分析方法结合，分别对不同发育阶段林分枯落物未分解层、半分解层以及全分解层微生物的数量、群落结构以及理化性质进行分析，并采用冗余分析法探索枯落物层微生物群落结构与理化性质的相关性。结果表明：枯落物储量及养分储量随林分发育呈倒“V”字型变化趋势，在近熟林阶段最大，微生物数量、均匀度指数在中龄林或近熟林最低。不同发育阶段林分优势细菌种类基本相同，但相对含量不同；优势真菌的种类明显不同，尤其是在近熟林半分解层。中龄林与近熟林未、半分解层受环境因素影响较大，主要受pH、有效磷、碱解氮、速效钾、全钾、C/N以及林下植被生物量影响。因此，日本落叶松纯林在中龄林与近熟林阶段需强化植被管理，适时开展修枝间伐等经营措施，促进林下植被发育、改善枯落物性质，加速养分循环，缓解地力衰退。     

河南黄背草群落碳、氮密度空间变化及其驱动因素分析

试验采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,分别对豫北、豫西和豫南3个地区的黄背草群落植被碳、氮密度进行了测定,并与气候、地形、土壤等生态因子进行了关联性分析,旨在明确黄背草（Themeda japonica）群落碳、氮密度在河南省不同区域的差异,以及导致这种空间变化的驱动因素,结果表明：黄背草群落地上碳、氮密度空间分布整体呈“西高南北低”的特点,豫西地上碳密度约为豫北、豫南地区的1.5倍,豫西地上氮密度约为豫北、豫南地区的2倍。群落根系碳、氮密度则呈现“南高西低”格局,豫南根系碳密度分别是豫北和豫西的1.7倍和2.9倍,豫南根系氮密度分别是豫北和豫西的1.7倍和2.7倍。RDA冗余分析（redundancy analysis,RDA）表明,影响河南黄背草群落植被碳、氮密度空间分布的因素依次是土壤砾石比、海拔、温度、降水和群落盖度。上述结果对于明确不同环境条件下黄背草群落的生态功能差异及其驱动因素具有指导意义。     

Cutting frequency vs. N application: effect of a 20‐year management in Lolio‐Cynosuretum grassland

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different long‐term management options on re‐establishment of traditional species‐rich grassland in a Lolio‐Cynosuretum grassland. The experiment was set up in 1987 in a low‐fertilized mown pasture in the Eifel Mountains (Germany). Two and four cuts per year each with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer application were compared to no application of P and K fertilizer. Biomass production increased as a result of N application, whereas crude protein content and digestibility of organic matter improved in the four‐cut treatments. During a 20‐year period, we found a significant shift in dominant grass species without any significant effect on species richness. Lolium perenne and Elytrigia repens were replaced by Holcus lanatus and Alopecurus pratensis, especially in the two‐cut treatments with N application. In the unfertilized plots, several individuals of Platanthera bifolia appeared when swards were cut only twice per year, probably as a result of nutrient depletion together with low cutting frequency. An increase in number of cuts mainly supported plant species well adapted to intensive management, even under low N application and relatively low plant‐available P content in the soil. Therefore, we conclude that cutting frequency was a key driver on plant species composition in this experiment. The re‐establishment of traditional species‐rich grassland from intensively managed Lolio‐Cynosuretum was not achieved within 20 years of cutting management combined with absence of P and K application.     

Suitability of tef varieties in mixed wheat flour bread matrices: A physico-chemical and nutritional approach

Wheat flour replacement from 0 to 40% by single tef flours from three Ethiopian varieties DZ-01-99 (brown grain tef), DZ-Cr-37 (white grain tef) and DZ-Cr-387 (Quncho, white grain tef) yielded a technologically viable ciabatta type composite bread with acceptable sensory properties and enhanced nutritional value, as compared to 100% refined wheat flour. Incorporation of tef flour from 30% to 40% imparted discreet negative effects in terms of decreased loaf volume and crumb resilience, and increase of crumb hardness in brown tef blended breads. Increment of crumb hardness on aging was in general much lower in tef blended breads compared to wheat bread counterparts, revealing slower firming kinetics, especially for brown tef blended breads. Blended breads with 40% white tef exhibited similar extent and variable rate of retrogradation kinetics along storage, while brown tef-blended breads retrograded slower but in higher extent than control wheat flour breads. Breads that contains 40% tef grain flour were found to contain five folds (DZ-01-99, DZ-Cr-387) to 10 folds (DZ-Cr-37) Fe, three folds Mn, twice Cu, Zn and Mg, and 1.5 times Ca, K, and P contents as compared to the contents found in 100% refined wheat grain flour breads. In addition, suitable dietary trends for lower rapidly digestible starch and starch digestion rate index were met from tef grain flour fortified breads.     

牛粪堆肥过程中nosZ型反硝化细菌动态变化

采用高通量测序技术,研究牛粪堆肥过程中不同时期与不同深度的nosZ型反硝化细菌群落组成的动态变化与多样性,并通过冗余分析(Redundancy analysis, RDA)和Spearman相关性分析,揭示了堆肥过程中nosZ型反硝化细菌与理化指标之间的相关关系。结果表明,堆肥不同时期nosZ型反硝化细菌群落结构差异显著,反硝化细菌群落多样性和丰富度均呈先降低后升高的趋势,在堆肥降温期不同深度的反硝化细菌群落结构和多样性指数差异显著。此外,理化因素显著影响堆肥反硝化菌群的群落结构与多样性,螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus)与温度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),Polymorphum与硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01),生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)与含水率和C/N呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。反硝化细菌的多样性与温度、pH、氨态氮呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。反硝化细菌的丰富度与温度呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。综上所述,堆肥时间和深度均为影响nosZ型反硝化细菌群落结构的重要因素,且该菌群群落结构变化受理化因子的显著影响。     

黄土高原不同植被类型对土壤养分、酶活性及微生物的影响

[目的]研究黄土高原不同植被类型对土壤酶活性、土壤养分和土壤微生物的影响,为该地区植被建设提供参考。[方法]根据研究区特点,选择4种(草地、柠条、杨树、蒿地)植被类型,采用SPSS软件分析各样地之间和同一样地土壤剖面不同层次的土壤酶活性和养分差异显著性和相关性,采用Canoco对微生物与环境因子进行分析。[结果](1)不同植被类型下,随土层深度的增加土壤酶活性与土壤养分均呈降低趋势。蒿地中酶活性最高,草地pH值随土层深度的增加而增加,表土层有机碳含量最高。硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别在杨树、柠条地块最高。(2)土壤养分间存在显著或极显著性相关,而土壤酶活性间存在极显著性相关。土壤酶活性与土壤有机碳、硝态氮之间都存在显著和极显著性相关。(3)表层(0—10cm)土壤微生物在门水平上多样性高。真菌第Ⅰ簇菌属与土壤pH值、硝态氮、铵态氮呈正相关,与土壤酶活性呈负相关;第Ⅱ簇菌属与土壤酶活性呈正相关关系,而与硝态氮、铵态氮、有机碳、pH值呈负相关关系;第Ⅰ簇与第Ⅱ,Ⅲ簇真菌群落间呈负相关关系。细菌与酶活性和土壤养分存在正相关和负相关。[结论]不同植被类型影响土壤酶活性、养分及微生物多样性,在植被建设过程中,宜种植蒿草来改善土壤的生态环境。     

外伶仃海洋牧场附近海域游泳生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解外伶仃海洋牧场附近海域游泳生物群落结构特征，于2020年春季和秋季对该海域开展了资源环境综合调查，分析了游泳生物种类组成、优势种、渔获率和群落结构特征，并构建游泳生物群落结构数据矩阵分析游泳生物群落结构与环境因子的影响关系。研究共采集到游泳生物73种，隶属于12目30科49属，其中鱼类最多，共有47种，虾类10种，蟹类9种，头足类4种，虾蛄类3种。相对重要性指数（IRI）分析显示，渔获物中IRI＞1000的优势种有4种，分别为银鲳（Pampus argenteus）、赤鼻棱鳀（Thrissa kammalensis）、火枪乌贼（Loligo beka）和鹿斑鲾（Leiognathus ruconius），其中银鲳和赤鼻棱鳀是两季调查共同优势种。游泳生物Margalef物种丰富度指数（D）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H''）和Pielou均匀度指数（J''）均呈现春季高于秋季的结果，单因素方差分析（ANOVA）显示多样性指数（H''）和均匀度指数（J''）在不同季节存在显著性差异，物种丰富度指数（D）季节差异不显著。相似性百分比分析（SIMPER）表明春季贡献率最高的物种为赤鼻棱鳀，秋季贡献率最高的是印度鳓，春秋季组间平均相异性为78.64%，相异性累积贡献率42.72%。冗余分析（RDA）显示叶绿素a、水团和石油类是影响外伶仃海洋牧场附近海域游泳生物群落结构的主要环境因子。研究表明外伶仃海洋牧场附近海域游泳生物渔获量高密度区主要出现在岛礁近岸海域，游泳生物在不同季节群落组成差异明显，可能与生活史规律、伏季休渔政策的执行及海域重点环境因子影响有关。研究结果可为科学合理摸清海洋牧场建设区域游泳生物群落特征和指导评估海洋牧场生态修复效果提供基础数据和理论参考。     

小菜蛾对杀螟丹抗性相关序列的代表性差异分析

采用代表性差异分析方法，以小菜峨的敏感品系作为驱赶扩增子，抗杀螟丹近等基因系作为检测扩增子，通过3轮消减杂交得到大小为150—300bp的差异片段，经亚克隆测序并与GenBank等数据库同源比较，发现其中一个亚克隆序列与P450基因有部分同源性，其余亚克隆与已知基因序列的同源性较低，判断这些序列可能是新基因的片段。     

Functional diversity of microbial communities in the mixed boreal plain forest of central Canada

This study was designed to examine whether or not specific tree species (Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides), their post-fire stand age, or their position in a successional pathway had any significant effect on the functional diversity of associated soil microbial communities in a typical mixed boreal forest ecosystem (Duck Mountain Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada). Multivariate analyses designed to identify significant biotic and/or abiotic variables associated with patterns of organic substrate utilization (assessed using the BIOLOG™ System) revealed the overall similarity in substrate utilization by the soil microbial communities. The five clusters identified differed mainly by their substrate-utilization value rather than by specific substrate utilization. Variability in community functional diversity was not strongly associated to tree species or post-fire stand age; however, redundancy analysis indicated a stronger association between substrate utilization and successional pathway and soil pH. For example, microbial communities associated with the relatively high pH soils of the P. tremuloides-P. glauca successional pathway, exhibited a greater degree of substrate utilization than those associated with the P. banksiana-P. mariana successional pathway and more acidic soils. Differences in functional diversity specific to tree species were not observed and this may have reflected the mixed nature of the forest stands and of their heterogeneous forest floor. In a densely treed, mixed boreal forest ecosystem, great overlap in tree and understory species occur making it difficult to assign a definitive microbial community to any particular tree species. The presence of P. tremuloides in all stand types and post fire stand ages has probably contributed to the large amount of overlap in utilization profiles among soil samples.     

龙须草复合种植技术对紫色土小生境的影响

紫色土的植被恢复是中国植被恢复难题之一.为了研究龙须草植被改善紫色土生境的效果,将引种龙须草后植物群落物种多样性与土壤环境因子的变化相结合,寻找最适宜紫色土地区生态恢复的龙须草植被恢复模式.设置3种龙须草植被恢复地模式（人工恢复地Ⅰ、Ⅱ和自然恢复地Ⅲ）,于2010年7月中旬在湖南松林村进行野外调查.通过群落分类双向指示种分析和群落排序冗余分析表明：1）土壤全氮量、土壤有机质质量分数、坡位和恢复模式是影响群落多样性的主要环境因子;2）3种植被恢复地模式中,人工恢复地Ⅱ的群落Gleason丰富度指数最大（坡上位2.171,坡下位5.863）,土壤全氮量和土壤有机质质量分数有明显提高.因此,利用龙须草进行植被恢复时应优先选取恢复效果最好的人工恢复地模式Ⅱ.