Fibril angle variability in earlywood of Norway spruce using soft rot cavities and polarization confocal microscopy

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the variability of the fibril angle of tracheids in earlywood of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.). Polarization confocal microscopy was chosen and compared with the method utilizing the orientation of soft rot cavities. There was a significant correlation between the soft rot and polarization confocal microscopy methods, which showed the same trend of high fibril angles in the first part of the earlywood followed by a decrease toward the end of earlywood. This declining trend was less pronounced in annual rings containing compression wood. Moreover, large variations in fibril angle occurred between neighboring tracheids. The investigation also emphasized the differences between X-ray diffraction and microscopic methods, as the large variation seen by the latter methods is not seen by the X-ray diffraction approach because of its large area of measurement. No correlation was found between fiber morphology (i.e., average length, width, density) and the average fibril angle in the investigated annual rings.     

黄壤颗粒表面离子吸附动力学中的离子特异性效应

基于考虑离子非经典极化作用的离子吸附动力学模型,以可变电荷黄壤颗粒为代表材料,研究了锂离子(Li+)、钠离子(Na+)和铯离子(Cs+)在黄壤颗粒表面的吸附动力学特征,进一步计算了离子在土壤/水界面的扩散距离与表面电化学参数。结果表明:(1)Li+、Na+和Cs+在黄壤颗粒表面吸附仅存在一级动力学过程并存在明显的离子特异性差异,这种差异随着电解质浓度降低而增大;(2)离子非经典极化与体积效应的共同作用决定了离子在固/液界面的扩散距离,在较高浓度电解质中,Na+和Li+的离子体积和极化效应基本平衡,导致Na+和Li+离子间差异不显著,但Cs+由于强烈的非经典极化作用,扩散距离表现为:Cs+Na+≈Li+;在低浓度电解质中,离子非经典极化作用占主导,扩散距离表现为:Cs+ Na+ Li+,表明离子扩散距离在低浓度下差异大,而高浓度下差异不显著;(3)离子扩散距离的差异导致固/液界面电位的不同,Stern电位、电荷密度和电场强度均受到离子扩散距离的影响,表面电位(绝对值)在各个浓度下均表现为:Li+ Na+ Cs+,说明表面电位仅受非经典极化作用的影响。本研究将对土壤/水界面反应理论的完善提供新思路。     

Effects of autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 on macrophages polarization

AIM:To investigate the effect of bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) on polarization in mouse macrophages RAW264.7. METHODS:The macrophages RAW264.7 were treated with Baf A1, the concentration of M1/M2 polarization related cytokines were determined by ELISA. The markers of M1/M2 polarization in the macrophages were determined by flow cytometry. The formation of autophagicbody was observed by immunofluorescence. Western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy related protein levels. RESULTS:The concentration of M1 related proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was increased significantly after Baf A1 intervention (P<0.01). However, the concentration of M2 related anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 showed no significant difference. The double positive rate of CD197 and HLA-DR (M1 marker) positive cells in Baf A1 treated group were significant higher than that in control group (P<0.05), indicated that Baf A1 induced polarization of macrophage to M1. The results of immunofluoresence showed that the autophagosomes formation was notable increased in Baf A1 group (P<0.05), meanwhile Western blot results showed the expression of autophay related protein LC3-Ⅱ but not P62 was marked up-regulated (P<0.05). For autophagy activator rapamycin (Rapa) treated group, autophagosome formation was also significant increased (P<0.05), but the expression of P62 was notable down-regulated (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Baf A1 induces polarization of mouse macrophage RAW264.7 to M1, which may be related to the inhibitory effect on the formation of autolysosome.     

极化型静电分级机设计理论

通过极化型静电分级机的结构介绍及种子在静电场中的运动学特性分析,提出了有关种子和静电场的假说,建立了种子在静电场中的运动方程。通过对种子在静电场中的运动特性研究,发现种子的极化力质比是影响极化型静电分级机分离质量的重要因素,是设计极化型静电分级机的关键参数;应通过大量的试验来建立种子极化力质比数据库,满足极化型静电分级机设计的需求。     

Testing Polarization Measurements with Adjusted View Zenith Angles in Varying Illumination Conditions for Detecting Leaf Orientation of Wheat Canopy

Abstract:

The previous work revealed that the polarization of light reflected from heading wheat canopies allowed the detection of changes in the canopy structure, i.e., the leaf inclination angle. Accordingly, in order to improve measurement accuracy in this study we examined the effects of the solar zenith angle (= 90º–solar elevation) and weather conditions at the time of polarization measurements for the light reflected from wheat canopies that were fertilized by different means. We measured polarization in the 660 nm spectral band from the heading canopies of wheat, which were grown in plots fertilized with a basal dressing and then top-dressed at the jointing and booting stages. The radiometric measurements were carried out at various solar zenith angles: 22º–41º on two proximal days, one overcast and the other clear. An empirical method for the adjustment of view zenith angle, based on the solar position at the time of measurement, was effective for the measurement of the degree of polarization (i.e., ratio of the polarized part of reflected light to the total reflected light energy) to eliminate interference due to the change in solar zenith angle. Although the mean values of polarization degree measured in overcast conditions were significantly lower than those measured under clear conditions, the plots top-dressed at the jointing stage could be detected via the polarized reflected light measured under both conditions of illumination.     

草地反射太阳光偏振特性测量个例分析

本文在中国科学院植的研究所岩石草原定位研究站对羊草和苔草样方进行太阳反射光偏振特性的测量。     

混浊介质后向散射的Mueller矩阵的偏振特性分析

对典型混浊介质（Intralipid悬浊液）后向散射的Mueller矩阵进行了试验测量。基于Mueller矩阵计算的保偏度反映散射介质某点的偏振效应：接近光入射点的区域,保偏能力较强;随着距离的增加,保偏能力逐渐减弱而趋向于1;混浊介质浓度加大,将导致介质的保偏能力减弱。     

谷物的极化带电特性

对6个品种的谷物进行了极化带电的测定。从电化学和生物学的角度,解释了谷物极化带电的成因,建立了谷物极化带电特性的模型。研究表明谷物的带电过程可以分为残余电荷过程、极化电荷过程、极化饱和过程和电晕充电过程。谷物的极化带电量与其品质有关。     

Estimating the Mean Leaf Inclination Angle of Wheat Canopies Using Reflected Polarized Light

Abstract

In this study, we extended previous work linking the polarization of reflected light from crop canopies with characteristics of the canopy structure, such as the leaf inclination angle. We obtained reflectance and polarized reflectance in 8 spectral bands from the canopies of two varieties of wheat, planted in plots fertilized with a basal dressing and topdressed at the jointing and booting stages. The optical measurements were carried out on 3 clear-sky days when the plants were at the stem-elongation, heading and ripening stages, respectively. On each measurement date, we assessed the leaf orientation geometry of the plants using a Plant Canopy Analyzer (LAI-2000), measured the leaf greenness (an indicator of leaf chlorophyll content) using a handheld SPAD-502 (SPAD) optical sensor, and also measured plant height. Both polarization and leaf greenness observations at the heading stage were able to distinguish the canopies that had received topdressing from those without topdressing. However, no significant correlation was observed between the polarization in the blue, green and red bands and the SPAD (r = 0.425?0.456, n = 12 observations, p < 0.05). On the other hand, the mean leaf inclination angle (= mean tip angle: MTA) measured by the LAI-2000 was inversely correlated with the polarization in the 3 visible bands (r = ?0.85??0.88, n = 12, p < 0.001). Adjusting the view zenith angle according to the solar position at the time of measurement improved the accuracy. We tested a linear regression model to predict the MTA of the two wheat varieties based on polarized reflectance in the red band centered at 660 nm (r ² = 0.73, n = 12, p < 0.001). Validation of this model obtained in the subsequent cropping season confirmed that polarization measurements were potentially useful for estimating the MTA of wheat stands in which the panicles were located below the topmost leaf layer of the canopy.     

盐酸溶液中碘化钾对金属的缓蚀效应

通过对３－４、３１６和２０１钢的电化学测量和腐蚀失重试验，研究了碘化钾的缓蚀效应。试验结果表明，在ＨＣｌ溶液中加入碘化钾有明显的缓蚀效果，温度影响金属的缓蚀效应，温度啬缓蚀效果明显。极化曲线表明加入碘化钾使腐蚀电流大大降低阴极电位有较大增加，阴极极化曲线斜率增大。