GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Growth and yield models were developed for individual tress and stands based on336 temporary plots with 405 stem analysis trees of dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Rupr.)plantations throughout Daxing’anling mountains.Several equations were selected using nonlinearregression analysis.Results showed that the Richards equation was the best model for estimatingtree height,stand mean helght and stand dominant height from age; The Power equation was thebest model for prediction tree volume from DBH and tree height; The logarithmic stand volumeequation was good for predicting stand volume from age,mean height,basal area and other standvariables.These models can be used to construct the volume table, the site index table and other for-estry tables for dahurian larch plantations.     

Floristic regeneration in five types of teak plantations in Thailand

Teak is the most important timber species in northern Thailand, and as such, large areas of teak forest have been disturbed or become highly degraded. Teak plantations have been established on this highly degraded land, where the rate of natural recovery is relatively slow. At the study site, five mixed or pure teak plantation types have been established to ameliorate limiting soil properties in order that long-term productivity is maintained. Observations within these plantations in northern Thailand have suggested that native species become established naturally under the shade of a “nurse” plantation, one that shades out early successional species. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the number of species in nurse plantations on the diversity and number of seedlings representative of mature native forests that become established within the plantations. Five types of plantations were investigated: (1) Tectona grandis L.f. (T); (2) T.grandis and Tamarindus indica L. (TT); (3) T.grandis and Gmelina arborea Roxb. (TG); (4) T.grandis, T. indica and G. arborea (TTG); (5) T.grandis, T.indica and Anacardium occidentale L. (TTA). These plantations were established primarily for the production of T.grandis (teak), with the other species introduced as economic trees. The plantations were surrounded by native stands of species representative of late successional and mature teak forests. In each of the plantations studies measurements were made on species density, species diversity, and evenness of plants regenerating in the understorey. Results showed that plantations consisting of several species in the overstorey had a higher diversity of native forest species in the understorey than the single-species plantation. Mixed plantation types were also found to reduce the density of the grass Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. Consideration of the establishment of woody species found that TG and TTA had high densities of trees and shrubs. This suggested that if the goal of management was to regenerate forest with a high diversity of tree species similar to that found in native mature forests, multiple-species plantations, especially TG and TTA, would be more effective nurse communities than the single-species plantation in providing an environment into which seeds of native species could disperse and germinate. In addition, several climax species, such as Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch) I.C. Nielsen, Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz, Largerstroemia sp., Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib, Lannea coromandelica (Houtt) Merr., Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz, Garuya pinnata Roxb., Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutchison, Diospyoros mollis Griff., Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Benn., Milletia leucantha Kurz, Dalbergia oliviri Gamble ex Prain, Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss and Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, were found in the early stages of succession, thus indicating that some may be suitable for planting in future restoration processes in order to accelerate natural succession and provide economic returns to managers.     

Managing small remnants of native forest to increase biodiversity within plantation landscapes in the south west of Western Australia

Recent expansion of industrial-scale plantations into agricultural areas in Australia has the potential to assist biodiversity conservation by rehabilitating ecosystems at the landscape scale and reducing edge effects, isolation and disturbance within remnants of native vegetation. However, the efficient management of remnants for biodiversity within a plantation estate requires knowledge of both the causes and the consequences of remnant degradation. With this in mind, we examined key ecosystem features and processes relating to soil chemistry, decomposition, native tree health and regeneration and vertebrate abundance, within small forest remnants (1-4 ha) embedded within Eucalyptus globulus plantations in south west Western Australia. Soil nutrient enrichment was significantly associated with a scale of vegetation modification in order from: (1) intact forest, (2) remnants with native understorey (UDN), (3) remnants with exotic understorey (UDE), (4) plantation and (5) pasture. We propose that, in this region, UDE remnants will often remain in a degraded state even after plantation establishment and the cessation of stock grazing. This is due, in part, to more rapid rates of nutrient turnover sustaining higher nutrient availability in the soil following the replacement of ligneous understorey plants with annual ones. Cotton strips placed in surface soils were often disintegrated in UDE remnants and largely intact in UDN remnants, indicating that decomposition was accelerated in the former. Continued tree decline and regeneration failure within UDE remnants will also reinforce the UDE condition. There was less canopy seed set and little or no seedling establishment in UDE remnants compared to UDN remnants. Therefore, management interventions to assist native tree regeneration in UDE remnants are needed. Fauna trapping highlighted the desirability of retaining, and preferably restoring, small remnants in plantations. Small native mammals were found exclusively in remnants and fewer introduced Mus musculus were present in UDN remnants. Higher numbers of native lizards were found in UDN remnants, but this result was not significant (marginally).     

我国速生丰产林现状与存在的问题

讨论了速生丰产林的概念.依据政府公布的统计数据、营造林核查结果与媒体报道,分析了速生丰产用材林数量、质量与存在的问题.建议从完善森林分类经营、营造林统计制度、速生丰产用材林的核查、调查方法等方面来切实掌握我国速生丰产用材林基础数据.     

Application of Grey System Theory to tree growth prediction

IntroductionDahurian larch plantations were planted affer the1950's in Heilongjiang Province. Some of them areless than 40 years old. There lack permanent plots oflong-term. Sometimes, statistical models for predicting tree growth are not always desirable. The GreySystem is a new branch of mathematics founded byProf. Deng Julong in 1982 (Deng 1985). In contrast tostatistic models, which need a lot of measured data,the Grey System only need a f6w data for setting upmodels. In recent years…     

落叶松管胞形态与气候变化关系的实证分析

为了对落叶松营林措施的正确设计和科学实施提供依据,运用协整分析法分析、探讨了落叶松管胞形态特征与气候因素之间的有机联系.研究结果表明:落叶松管胞形态特征与气候因素之间存在长期均衡的协整关系和短期动态调整机制,除了早材管胞壁厚度外,其它指标与气候因素之间的协整关系均达到显著水平.1973-2003年全球气候变暖引起的2月和3月平均气温的升高对于落叶松的管胞长度增加有显著影响,误差修正模型和格兰杰检验显示:2月气温短期内对早材管胞长度增加的影响存在4a的滞后期,3月气温短期内对晚材管胞长度增加的影响存在7 a的滞后期.2月和3月的日照时间减少,7月份的日照时间增加,有利于增加早材管胞直径,却不利于增加晚材管胞直径.7月份的日照时间增加也有利于增加晚材管胞壁厚,但是日照时间对管胞形态特征的滞后影响没有达到显著水平.降水量与管胞形态特征之间的协整关系也没有达到显著水平.     

人工林红松管胞形态对气候变化的响应

运用响应函数分析法,研究了人工林红松管胞形态对前1年4月至当年9月的气候因子变化的响应.结果表明:研究选取的气候因子变化与红松管胞壁厚、早材管胞长度和晚材管胞直径的相关关系没有达到显著水平,但是与早材管胞直径和晚材管胞长度存的相关关系达到了显著水平.气候变化对早材管胞直径径向变异的影响程度达52.8%,对晚材管胞长度径向变异的影响程度达72.2%.早材管胞直径和晚材管胞长度对气候变化响应并不一致.早材管胞直径主要对当年4～6月份的降水量响应强烈,当年4月、5月份的降水量增加有利于早材管胞直径的形成,但是6月降水增加会抑制早材管胞直径的形成.晚材管胞长度主要对当年6月的气温和地温响应强烈,6月温度升高有利于晚材管胞的伸长.另外,前1年9月日照时间和前1年10月相对湿度对管胞的形成有显著的滞后影响.     

地形因子与人工林土壤有机碳密度的关系——以晋西黄土丘陵区为例

为了探究晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林下土壤有机碳密度的性质,在该区选取了4种典型人工林配置模式,对其土壤上层(0 ～20 cm)和下层(20 ～40 cm)的有机碳密度进行了测定和比较,分析了不同人工林下土壤有机碳密度分布的特性.借助普通最小二乘法(OLS),对地形因子与土壤有机碳密度之间的量化关系进行了分析.结果表明:土壤碳密度与全N、水解性N均在0.01水平上显著正相关.林下的土壤碳密度排序为针阔混交林＞人工针叶林＞人工阔叶林＞灌木林.土壤碳密度在不同地形条件下存在差异,但地形差异只能解释土壤碳密度差异的18.4％.土壤碳密度随着坡度的增大而减少,从阳坡到阴坡不断增加,坡面位置的分布特征则为坡顶＜坡面＜坡脚.     

基于BP神经网络连栽桉树人工林生长量预测

以广西国有东门林场雷卡分场的3个连栽代次的尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)人工林为研究对象,以林分的林龄和林分密度作为输入变量,分别以林分的平均胸径和树高为输出变量,构建了6个2∶n∶1的BP人工神经网络模型。用林分前5 a的数据对网络进行训练,第6、7年数据进行测试,经过大量训练选取最优模型后,得出以2∶2∶1的结构训练的模型最优,林分平均胸径的3个BP网络模型平均预测精度分别为99.09%、98.35%和96.37%,平均树高的3个BP网络模型平均精度分别为96.22%、96.48%和96.6%。回归分析证明模型的拟合效果良好。模型可用来分析、模拟和预测相似条件下桉树人工林林分随林龄增长整个生长阶段的生长量变化情况。     

黑木相思人工林生态系统生物量、碳贮量及其分配特征

研究了广西壮族自治区南宁市8年生黑木相思(Acacia melanoxylon)人工林生态系统的生物量、碳贮量及其分布特征。结果表明:黑木相思人工林生物量为108.47 t.hm-2,其中乔木层占总生物量的85.85%、灌木层占7.26%、枯枝落叶层占4.47%、草本层占2.42%。黑木相思人工林生态系统总碳贮量为143.06 t.hm-2,其中乔木层为46.33 t.hm-2,占整个生态系统碳贮量的32.39%;灌草层为4.78 t.hm-2,占3.34%;凋落物层为2.26 t.hm-2,占1.58%;林地土壤(0～60 cm)为89.69 t.hm-2,占62.24%。黑木相思人工林乔木层年净生物量增长量为17.02 t.hm-2.a-1,年净固碳量为8.45 t.hm-2.a-1,折合成CO2为30.98 t.hm-2.a-1。