Screening and identification of soybean varieties with high phosphorus efficiency at seedling stage

In order to simplify the workload and find a reliable method for screening soybeans with different phosphorus(P)efficiencies,47 soybean varieties were screened from 90 varieties according to yield under normal phosphorus,and 10 indicators including root phenotype,phosphorus utilization efficiency at the seedling stage and yield were measured.Through single-index cluster analysis,the performance value and relative value of the abovementioned indexes under low-phosphorus conditions were analyzed,and then,the combined indexes were analyzed by principal components method.The membership function method and the cluster analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the comprehensive score value.Three indexes of root P utilization efficiency(X₁),relative value of root P utilization efficiency(X₂),and root volume(X₃)under low P at the seedling stage were selected as the most consistent with the yield screening results under low P condition,and the mathematical model of the comprehensive score value was obtained:D=1.218X₁t 0.320X₂t 0.007X₃-0.664(P=0.000,R²=1.000).The comprehensive score can screen and identify the P efficiency of soybeans with fewer indexes in the early growth stages,which provides a more rapid and reliable mathematical model for screening and identifying a larger number of germplasm resources for P efficiency.     

磷素对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成及其链长分布的影响

为探究不同磷水平对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成与支链淀粉精细结构的影响。以新冬20号（南疆主栽）和新冬23号（北疆强筋面包小麦）为材料，研究了3种施磷(P₂O₅)量 0 kg·hm^-2（CK ）、105 kg·hm^-2（CP ）和210 kg·hm^-2（HP）对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成相关酶基因表达、相关酶活性、籽粒支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉链长分布以及籽粒全磷含量的影响。结果表明，施磷显著提高了支链淀粉合成相关酶基因（ sbe1、 sbe2a、 sbe2b、 iso1）的表达量和籽粒支链淀粉含量。CP处理提高了支链淀粉B链段的比例，但降低了A链段的比例。两个参试小麦品种籽粒中支链淀粉合成关键酶的活性对磷素的敏感性不同，新冬 20号受磷水平影响较大。施磷提高了新冬20号胚乳中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性和酶活高峰期的淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性，提前了新冬20号胚乳中淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性峰值的出现时间。     

4种水生植物深度净化村镇生活污水厂尾水效果研究

通过设置动态模拟试验,持续进水、出水条件下分析比较了漂浮植物凤眼莲和水浮莲、沉水植物轮叶黑藻和挺水植物黄菖蒲对村镇生活污水厂(一级A标准)尾水深度净化效果,筛选出具有去污效果优势的水生植物,为优化水生植物生态修复工程技术在尾水深度净化中的应用提供依据。结果表明:经水生植物深度净化后,尾水水质得到明显改善,漂浮植物凤眼莲和水浮莲对尾水氮、磷的净化效果优于挺水植物黄菖蒲和沉水植物轮叶黑藻。试验周期内,污水厂尾水总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)平均浓度为12.22 mg?L-1、0.38mg?L-1和3.88 mg?L-1,凤眼莲、水浮莲、轮叶黑藻、黄菖蒲和对照各系统的总氮平均去除率分别为46.25%、45.74%、43.41%、38.39%和29.22%,总磷去除率分别为36.84%、34.21%、31.58%、28.95%和26.32%,CODMn去除率分别为42.27%、30.93%、32.47%、32.47%和37.89%。凤眼莲、水浮莲、黄菖蒲和轮叶黑藻生物量净增长率分别为550.5%、418.8%、210.6%和80.3%,凤眼莲生物量净增率最大。各处理系统内凤眼莲、水浮莲、黄菖蒲和轮叶黑藻对尾水氮富集量分别为7.36 g、2.33 g、5.12 g和4.46 g,对磷的富集量分别为0.60 g、0.19 g、0.33 g和0.78 g,凤眼莲富集氮能力优于另外3种水生植物,轮叶黑藻磷富集量高于另外3种水生植物。凤眼莲、水浮莲、黄菖蒲和轮叶黑藻植株吸收作用对尾水总氮去除的表观贡献率分别为15.29%、4.90%、11.17%和11.34%,对尾水总磷去除的表观贡献率分别为50.34%、17.17%、35.24%和76.34%。因此,可利用漂浮植物凤眼莲和沉水植物轮叶黑藻立体复合种养的方式深度净化生活污水厂尾水。     

水稻根系果胶去甲酯化促进细胞壁磷再利用的机制探究

在缺磷条件下,水稻根系细胞壁中的果胶组分能促进细胞壁磷的再利用,而其中的潜在机制仍有待进一步的研究。选取粳稻品种Nipponbare(Nip)和籼稻品种Kasalath(Kas)作为试验材料,研究了在缺磷条件下,水稻内源磷可利用水平的变化及其差异,并探究了产生这种差异的原因。结果表明:在缺磷处理后,水稻体内的可溶性磷含量迅速降低,而Nip根系和地上部的可溶性磷含量均一直高于Kas。同时Nip根系中释放出了更多的细胞壁磷,说明相对于Kas而言,Nip的内源磷再利用能力更强。缺磷胁迫时,与Kas相比,Nip可通过提高根系中的果胶甲酯酶活性,维持较低的果胶甲酯化度。体外试验又表明,甲酯化度越低的果胶,活化难溶态磷的能力越强。综上,缺磷胁迫下,水稻可通过提高根系果胶甲酯酶活性,将细胞壁的果胶甲酯化度维持在较低水平,从而促进细胞壁磷的释放来增加体内的可溶性磷含量,以供其他部位再利用。     

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics Tools: A Rapid and Non-Destructive Alternative on Soil Evaluation

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive and accurate technique for analyzing a wide variety of samples, thus, the growing interest of using this technique in soil science. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) in the soil. NIR spectra from 20 cm³ of soil samples were acquired on the range of 750 to 2500 nm in diffuse reflectance mode, resolution of 16 cm^?1 and 64 scans. Eight models of calibration/validation were constructed. Calibration and validation models showed that the predictive potential of NIR varied with the specific soil property (OC, TN, P and K) under evaluation and according to the methodology employed in the model construction (cross-validation or test set). Good prediction models were obtained for OC and TN content based on the statistical parameters. Test set methodology was able to predict soil OC, TN, P, and K better than cross-validation methodology.     

MS培养基中氮、磷无机盐对鳗草克隆幼苗生存的影响

为了探究MS培养基中氮、磷无机营养盐对鳗草生长的影响。单独添加不同浓度KNO₃、NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄的天然海水中培养鳗草克隆苗,于7、14天进行植株形态学观察和叶片叶绿素含量测定。其中,KNO₃的添加量为MS培养基中的1/2倍、1倍和2倍及NO₃^-总浓度为39.4 mmol/L,KH₂PO₄和NH₄NO₃的添加量均为MS培养基中各自浓度的1/2、1和2倍。结果表明,叶绿素含量以KNO₃处理组最高(P<0.05),克隆苗培养14天无毒害现象,且有新叶发出;NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄处理组均对克隆苗有明显毒害作用,NH₄NO₃处理组叶片48 h后开始褐化,7天后茎尖、根尖明显变软并褐化,14天后植株死亡;KH₂PO₄处理组培养14天后叶片平均褐化率达56%。因此,1/2、MS培养基均不适用于鳗草的室内培养,其培养基的氮源应为单独添加的NO₃^--N或高浓度NO₃^--N+低浓度NH₄⁺-N。     

典型农田根际土壤伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其多样性

在根际环境中伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderiales)是一类重要的植物促生菌,其群落结构变化可能会影响植物的生长和发育。本研究针对伯克霍尔德氏菌目,采用特异性引物16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,研究了田间条件下黑土、潮土和红壤中玉米根际伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其对地上部作物生物量和产量的可能影响。结果表明:在三种土壤类型中,与未施肥相比,施肥对伯克霍尔德氏菌目的丰富度和多样性均没有显著影响。在伯克霍尔德氏菌的科水平主要检测到三类细菌,分别为草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)和伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae),且草酸杆菌科是其中的优势菌。此外,施肥显著增加了有机质含量较低的潮土中马赛菌(Massilia spp.和Massilia sp. WG5)和伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaspp.)的相对丰度(P0.05);增加了酸性红壤中草螺旋菌(Herbaspirillumsp.ZM319)的相对丰度,但降低了Noviherbaspirillum spp.的相对丰度(P0.05);而在有机质含量最高的黑土中,所有检测到的伯克霍尔德氏菌均无明显地变化。进一步分析表明,土壤有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤pH是影响这几类细菌的主要因素,而马赛菌群落的变化可能会影响玉米地上部生物量和产量。本研究表明,尽管化学施肥是影响玉米地上部生物量和产量的主要原因,但是伯克霍尔德氏菌等根际微生物群落也可能是影响它们的潜在生物因素。     

Dissolution of Dominant Soil Phosphorus Fractions in Phosphorus-Responsive Soils of Bihar,India: Effects of Mycorrhiza and Fertilizer Levels

We investigated the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and various phosphorus (P) levels on the distribution and availability of P in dominant soils of Bihar, India. Potassium chloride (KCl)-P (labile P), sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-P (Fe-Al-bound P), hydrochloric acid (HCl)-P (Ca-bound P), and residual P (Res-P) fractions were analyzed in the soils under maize plant. Ca-bound P was the most abundant P fraction in the alkaline soils (65% of the total P) followed by neutral soil (35% of the total P), whereas it was less abundant (<4%) in the acidic soil type. Fe-Al-bound P was found to be highest for acidic soil (65% of the total P). Soils under the inoculation with Glomus mossae and control gave the highest and lowest values (15.63 mg kg^?1 and 10.74 mg kg^?1 respectively) for the labile fraction which was similar to the organically bound residual fractions of P (200.17 mg kg^?1 and 193.66 mg kg^?1 respectively. Inoculation of the soils with AM fungi leads to the redistribution of P fractions in different soils which consequently helps in improvement of available P in soil conducive for plant uptake.     

天津于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物中碳· 氮· 磷分布及污染评价

对流域内33个河流表层沉积物样点的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和磷形态含量进行了测定,分析了沉积物中碳、氮、磷含量的分布特征及三者之间的相关性,并对于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物进行污染现状评价。结果表明:于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物TOC平均含量为0.99%,TN平均含量为0.15%,TP平均含量为1 904.93 mg/kg。相关性分析表明,沉积物TOC与TN呈极显著正相关(R2=0.794),TOC与草地面积比例呈极显著正相关,R2为0.685;TN和草地面积比例呈显著正相关(R2=0.392);TP与各种土地利用类型的相关性均不明显,但OP和Fe/Al-P与城镇居民用地面积比例呈极显著正相关,R2分别为0.664和0.698,与林地面积比例呈显著负相关,R2分别为-0.472和-0.403。有机指数和有机氮评价结果显示,有48.5%的采样点有机指数处于Ⅰ类水平,有39.4%和48.5%样点有机氮处于Ⅲ和Ⅳ类污染水平,表明于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物有机指数整体处于尚清洁及以上水平,受到有机污染程度较小,而流域内的有机氮污染相对较为严重。