南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅲ.冻-融作用与水分状况

自由水活动在南极海洋性气候区土壤形成与演化过程中发挥极为重要的作用。本文对土壤自由水的来源、冻-融作用、永冻层和活动层动态以及自由水参与下的物质迁移过程等几个方面进行了论述,讨论了上述不同过程的影响因素以及土壤发生学意义,指出以土壤水形态转化和自由水活动为基础的土壤过程具有显著的微域性特点,是决定本区土壤发生类型与分布模式的重要因素之一。     

Geomorphology and soils distribution under paraglacial conditions in an ice-free area of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

The main pedological, geomorphological and cryogenic features of Keller Peninsula, part of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica, were mapped and quantified with emphasis on the relationship between the ice retreat process, melt-out, landform development and soil distribution. Moraines, protalus, scree slopes, inactive glacial cirques, uplift marine terraces, biogenic landforms, arêtes and Felsenmeer were mapped. Scree slope is the main landform, covering approximately 25% of the peninsula, indicating prominent paraglacial features. Inherited, glacial landforms, such as lateral moraines, highland plateau and exhumed U shaped-valleys, are now being exposed in north Keller by ice shrinkage of former ice protecting cover. Landforms influenced soil formation and stability. Cryosols and Leptosols (WRB) roughly corresponding to Gelisols and Entisols (SSS), respectively, are the most common soil classes, with an overall tendency of absent permafrost in the coastal areas, changing to sporadic permafrost at mid-slope, and discontinuous permafrost with greater altitude and substrate stability.     

基于支持向量机的典型冻土区土壤制图研究

基于青藏高原大片连续多年冻土分布的东部边缘,青海省兴海县温泉地区的野外调查数据,通过对研究区遥感数据的分析,开展了土壤制图方法的探讨。以成土因素学说和土壤-景观模型理论为基础,筛选土壤分类潜在变量,在不同的变量组合下运用支持向量机(SVM)的方法建立土壤-景观模型,对整个研究区进行预测性分类。为了更好地检验该方法的有效性,采用五折交叉方式进行结果的验证。并通过对比不同变量组合的交叉验证结果和分布模拟结果图,确定了适合典型冻土区土壤分类的环境变量组合,以较少的样本知识较好地预测该区土壤类型的空间分布。     

青藏高原永冻土活动层厚度预测指标集的建立及制图

以青藏高原为研究区,采用数字土壤制图方法,进行了少量调查样本支持下的永冻土活动层厚度预测指标集的建立及制图研究。利用土壤和景观环境之间关系,筛选建立了活动层厚度预测指标集:地表昼夜温差、海拔、坡度、坡向、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、母岩。利用样点个体代表性方法实现了该区永冻土活动层厚度分布制图,取得了较高的精度和分辨率,克服了永冻土活动层厚度模拟过程中数学物理模型难以进行空间扩展制图以及半经验模型制图分辨率粗的局限。针对调查样点全局代表性较差以及数量有限的局限,本研究没有采用常规的一次性全样本最优建模方式,而采取多次抽样分别建模方式,获得预测指标集和制图结果。     

基于国际冻土分类进展论中国土壤系统分类中冻土纲的恢复与重构

由于与全球变化密切相关,发育于永久冻土层上的冻土资源受到了日益普遍的关注,冻土研究正在成为包括土壤学在内的多个学科的热点领域。为了达成多个目标,对冻土分类的深入研究势在必行。本文介绍了国际上有代表性的土壤分类系统中有关冻土分类的最近进展,并分析和讨论了存在的普遍问题以及在实际应用中面临的困难。同时,提出了在中国土壤系统分类框架内恢复和重构我国冻土分类的建议,阐述了我国土壤分类学界在这一领域内拥有的优势和可能面临的挑战。最后,根据我国冻土资源的特点,提出了关于恢复和重构我国冻土分类的具体意见。     

Quality and potential biodegradability of soil organic matter preserved in permafrost of Siberian tussock tundra

Soil organic matter (SOM) quality and biodegradability the permafrost underlying Siberian wet tussock tundra (Kolyma river basin, northeast Siberia) were analyzed and compared to the characteristics of the contemporary active layer. For this purpose, three permafrost affected soil cores (down to 3 m depth) and seven active layer soil cores (down to 0.3 m depth) were sampled. The samples were divided into particular layers, which were analyzed separately. SOM stability was assessed using a simple chemical fractionation (sequential extraction by cold and hot water, and hot acid). SOM biodegradability and soil mineralization potentials were tested in short-term laboratory incubations. The active layer contained 24 kg C m⁻² and 70 kg C m⁻² was preserved in 3 m of permafrost. The chemical quality and biodegradability of permafrost SOM were very similar to that of the active layer mineral horizon, and independent from depth. The only exceptions were (1) higher solubility of permafrost SOM in water, indicating its higher mobility and potential leakage after permafrost thawing and (2) higher nutrient (N, P) concentrations available to a dense permafrost microbial community, which could support decomposition of more complex substrates under suitable temperature conditions after thawing. The mineralization potential of the upper 1 m deep permafrost, which could melt by 2100 according to permafrost degradation models, was 6.7 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ (optimum conditions of 20 °C, field water capacity), which is comparable to that of the contemporary active layer of 0.5 m depth (7.5 g C m⁻² d⁻¹). Under field conditions, SOM mineralization rate would reasonably be significantly lower due to prevailing anoxia (high water table) and diffusion constraints in the deep and flooded soil profile.We conclude from our results that the permafrost (1) cryopreserves a high SOM amount, which is distributed to considerable depths, being of similar chemical quality and biodegradability to that of the active layer mineral horizon SOM, and (2) contains a dense living microbial community, which is able to decompose the present SOM rapidly without any obvious chemical limitation under suitable conditions.     

Changes in freezing and thawing indices over the source region of the Yellow River from 1980 to 2014

Freezing and thawing indices are not only of great significance for permafrost research but also are important indicators of the effects of climate change.However,to date,research on ground-surface freezing and thawing indices and their relationship with air indices is limited.Based on daily air and ground-surface temperatures collected from 11 meteorological stations in the source region of the Yellow River,the freezing and thawing indices were calculated,and their spatial distribution and trends were analyzed.The air-freezing index(AFI),air-thawing index(ATI),ground surface-freezing index(GFI),ground surface-thawing index(GTI),air thawing-freezing index ratio(Na)and surface ground thawing-freezing index ratio(Ng)were 1554.64,1153.93,1.55,2484.85,850.57℃-days and 3.44,respectively.Altitude affected the spatial distribution of the freezing and thawing indices.As the altitude increased,the freezing indices gradually increased,and the thawing indices and thawing-freezing index ratio decreased.From 1980 to 2014,the AFI and GFI decreased at rates of 8.61 and 11.06℃-days a^-1,the ATI and GTI increased at 9.65 and 14.53℃-days a^-1,and Na and Ng significantly increased at 0.21 and 0.79 decade^-1.Changes in the freezing and thawing indices were associated with increases in the air and ground-surface temperatures.The rates of change of the ground surface freezing and thawing indices were faster than the air ones because the rate of increase of the groundsurface temperature was faster than that of the air and the difference between the ground surface and air increased.The change point of the time series of freezing and thawing indices occurred in 2000–2001.After 2000–2001,the AFI and GFI were lower than before the change point,and the changing trend was lower.The ATI,GTI,Na and Ng during 2001–2014 were higher,with faster rates than before.In addition,the annual thawing indices composed a greater proportion of the mean annual air temperature and mean annual ground surface temperature than the annual freezing indices.This study provides the necessary basis for research on and prediction of permafrost changes,especially changes in the depth of the active permafrost layer,climate change,and possible evolution of the ecological environment over the source region of the Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

Individual-based measurement and analysis of root system development: case studies for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> trees growing on the permafrost region in Siberia

We present results of individual-based root system measurement and analysis applied for Larix gmelinii trees growing on the continuous permafrost region of central Siberia. The data of root excavation taken from the three stands were used for the analyses; young (26 years old), mature (105 years old), and uneven-aged over-mature stand (220 years old). In this article, we highlight two topics: (1) factors affecting spatio-temporal pattern of root system development, and (2) interactions between aboveground (i.e., crown) and belowground (i.e., root) competition. For the first topic, the detailed observation of lateral roots was applied to one sample tree of the overmature stand. The tree constructed a superficial (<30 cm in depth) and rather asymmetric root system, and each lateral root expanded mainly into elevated mounds rather than depressed troughs. This indicated that spatial development of an individual root system was largely affected by microtopography (i.e., earth hummocks). For these lateral roots, elongation growth curves were reconstructed using annual-ring data, and annual growth rates and patterns were compared among them. The comparison suggested that temporal root system development is associated with differences in carbon allocation among the lateral roots. For the second topic, we examined relationships between individual crown projection area (CA) and horizontal rooting area (RA) for the sample trees of each stand. RA was almost equal to CA in the young stand, while RA was much larger (three or four times) than CA in the mature and overmature stands. Two measures of stand-level space occupation, crown area index (aboveground: CAI; sum of CAs per unit land area) and rooting area index (belowground: RAI; sum of RAs), were estimated in each stand. The estimates of RAI (1.3–1.8 m² m₋₂) exceeded unity in all stands. In contrast, CAI exceeded unity (1.3 m² m₋₂) only in the young stand, and was much smaller (<0.3 m² m₋₂) in the two older stands. These between-stand differences in RAI–CAI relationships suggest that intertree competition for both aboveground and belowground spaces occurred in the young stand, but only belowground competition still occurred in the two older stands. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that competition below the ground may become predominant as a stand ages in L. gmelinii forests. Methodological limitations of our analysis are also discussed, especially for the analysis using the two indices of space occupation (CAI, RAI).     

山西东南部气候变暖与冻土的气候特征分析

为了进一步研究在气候变暖情况下土壤封解冻的变化规律。本文应用山西东南部11个气象观测站近40年气温、平均冻土深度、最大冻土深度、浅层（5～20 cm）冻土封解冻资料,采用统计对比聚类法,分析了气候变暖与冻土的气候变化特征。结果显示：山西东南部气候变暖较为明显,年际线性趋势增温率为0.3℃/10a,增温贡献最大为冬季。随着冬季气候的变暖,平均冻土深度与最大冻土深度均趋向变浅。在冬春、秋冬两个转换期气候变暖的前提下,浅层冻土的平均冻结终日与始日分别显现出提前和推后,意味着浅层土壤封冻期的缩短。     

青藏高原多年冻土区土壤冻融期间水热运移特征分析

以唐古拉监测点气象及活动层土壤水热资料为基础,对青藏高原高海拔多年冻土区冻融期活动层土壤的水热特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:不同土层的土壤温度变化规律基本一致,土壤温度的变化滞后于气温的变化,而且滞后时间随着土层深度的增大而增大,表层土壤温度变化波动较大,随着深度的增加,土温温度变化趋于平缓;气温的降低引起了土壤温度的降低,从而引起水分的迁移;在冻结期,水分向上下两个冻结锋面迁移,而活动层中部则被疏干,在融化期,活动层底部水分含量高,水分向相变界面附近迁移。拟合了冻结期未冻水含量与土壤温度的关系,相关系数R2平均值为0.89,结果基本能反映实际情况。该研究结果为高海拔多年冻土区冻融土壤水热耦合模拟的研究提供了基础理论依据。