Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L1 values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) higher than those in the commercial butter. The induction times of all pre-treated butter (19.80 ​± ​0.99–7.84 ​± ​0.07 ​h) were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples. In addition, no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples. Collectively, the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one. These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.     

抗青枯病花生种质资源的鉴定与筛选

为筛选适宜河南省信阳市种植的抗青枯病花生品种,对27份花生品种青枯病田间病圃进行鉴定,计算其发病率和病情指数,从而进行抗病性鉴定和筛选。结果表明,27个供试品种中,中高抗品种共10个占总数的37%,3个品种类型各筛选出2个抗病品种。6个抗病品种发病规律表明,7天和14天病情指数增长较快,21天后基本无变化。高油型花生‘远杂9102’和‘信花425’,高油酸型花生‘信花14号’和‘驻花11号’,普通型花生‘远杂21号’和‘豫花149号’为适宜信阳种植的抗病品种。     

花生新品种苏花3号的选育及栽培技术

苏花3号是连云港市农业科学院以临花6号为母本、日本巨型花生为父本,通过有性杂交、系统选育培育出的普通型中熟大粒花生新品种。2015年参加江苏省鉴定试验,荚果平均产量6 667.12 kg/hm2,籽仁平均产量4 412.85 kg/hm2,分别比对照徐花13号增产9.4%、9.9%。该品种籽粒粗脂肪及粗蛋白含量分别为54.12%、23.61%。于2015年通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会鉴定(编号:苏鉴花生201506),该品种适宜在江苏淮北花生产区推广种植。介绍了该品种的选育过程、生物学特性及栽培技术,以期为花生的优质高产栽培提供理论依据。     

三种酚酸类化感物质对花生根际土壤微生物及产量的影响

为进一步探明花生连作障碍的机理，通过外源添加的方法研究了不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸及其混合物对花生开花下针期、结荚初期、结荚末期根际土壤微生物及产量的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，各处理均降低了各生育期花生根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量、微生物量生物量以及呼吸强度，增加了真菌的数量。随浓度增加，化感作用增强，以3种酚酸类化感物质混合物的化感作用最强。随处理时间的延长，对真菌的化感作用增强，对其他指标的化感作用减弱。各处理均显著降低了花生产量（P < 0.01），处理浓度越高，花生减产幅度越大。最高浓度（初始含量为90mg·kg-1干土）的肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及混合物处理使花生每盆荚果产量分别降低了43.2%、32.9%、40.2%和47.3%。这三种酚酸类物质的累积与连作花生根际土壤微生物群落结构的变化相关，是花生连作障碍产生的可能因素之一。     

砂姜黑区施肥水平对花生不同基因型品种产量和品质的影响

【目的和方法】采用大田裂区随机区组设计试验,研究了施肥水平对花生不同基因型品种产量和品质的影响,为豫南花生主产区砂姜黑土上花生高效施肥提供技术支撑。【结果】结果表明,花生不同基因型品种的农艺性状、经济性状和产量存在明显的差异,常规施肥条件下,远杂9102、远杂6和豫花22的产量分别为5958.1kg/hm2、5437.1kg/ hm2、6008.6kg/ hm2,比不施肥分别增加18.4%,14.9%和13.7%；施肥能提高远杂9102、豫花22花生仁中油酸含量、油酸/亚油酸的比值,降低远杂6花生仁中油酸含量、油酸/亚油酸的比值；花生不同基因型品种对花生仁中粗脂肪含量及产量有明显的影响,远杂6花生仁中粗脂肪的含量最高,粗脂肪的产量最小,平均分别为50.3%、1873.3 kg/hm2,豫花22花生仁中粗脂肪的含量最低,粗脂肪的产量最高,平均分别为48.6 %、1895.2 kg/hm2。【结论】在N、P2O5、K2O施用量分别为150 kg/hm2、90 kg/hm2、150 kg/hm2条件下,豫花22的荚果产量和粗脂肪产量均最高,分别为6008.6 kg/hm2和2059.7 kg/hm2。     

花生栽野种间杂交异源多倍化早期世代基因表达变化分析

为了进一步认识花生种间杂交异源多倍体进化过程中的基因表达变化规律,采用cDNA-HFO-TAG技术,研究花生种间杂交组合(四倍体栽培种‘仲恺花4号’×二倍体野生种Arachis. diogio)杂种F_1和早期多倍体世代S0~S3的基因表达变化情况。14条HFO-TAG引物共扩增出121条cDNA片段,其中差异片段84个,主要包括三种类型:亲本转录物完全沉默(3个),双亲转录物在后代部分材料中沉默(59个)和新转录物激活(22个),上述变化在F1代即开始发生。筛选其中大小为500~2 000 bp的35个TDFs进行克隆测序,有27个和NCBI数据库中已录入的基因具有较高的相似性,包括抗逆相关基因(10条)、未知功能蛋白基因(8条)、能量与代谢相关基因(7条)和转录因子相关的基因(2条)。这些研究结果进一步表明在花生种间杂交异源多倍化早期发生着快速、剧烈的基因表达变化,从中获得的差异基因片段,有助于了解花生属种间杂交异源多倍化早期分子机制变化,这对有效利用野生花生种质优异基因具有重要意义。cDNA-HFO-TAG技术简单、有效且实用,完全适用于花生属基因表达变化研究,可以作为花生属及其它物种基因表达变化分析技术的有效补充。     

连作对花生土壤酶活性、养分含量和植株产量的影响

通过盆栽试验,设置4个不同连作年限处理,研究连作对花生栽培种桂花17和野生种A.correntina土壤酶活性、养分含量和植株干物质产量影响的差异。结果表明:与对照相比,两个花生品种不同连作年限土壤有效养分含量和植株干物质产量均降低,A.correntina相比桂花17下降幅度小。桂花17各连作年限处理土壤的脲酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶活性随连作年限的增加有下降的趋势,处理间变幅大。而A.correntina各生育期土壤的脲酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶活性总体表现无一致性上升或下降的规律,处理间变幅小。两个花生品种在不同的连作年限间的过氧化氢酶活性的变化无规律性。连作条件下,花生野生种A.correntina的土壤理化和生物学性状的变化幅度更小。     

Effects of Intercropping Peanut on Soil Nutrient Status and Microbial Activity within Young Camellia oleifera Plantation

A two-year field trial was conducted to compare the effects of intercropping with peanut and Camellia oleifera monoculture on soil characteristics, nutrients status as well as soil microbial activity in a young C. oleifera plantation on latosolic red soil. Compared with C. oleifera monoculture, the soil porosity in intercropping C. oleifera with peanut was increased by 11.45 and 8.41%, the electrical conductivity by 14.74 and 16.90%, the rhizosphere fungi populations by 21.46 and 15.38%, the rhizosphere bacterial populations by 52.19 and 43.87%, soil organic matter (SOM) by 4.72 and 5.69%, the available nitrogen (N) by 10.71 and 14.51%, available calcium (Ca) by 10.53 and 17.39% and available magnesium (Mg) by 18.18 and 20.00% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. However, intercropping significantly reduced soil bulk density, soil total and exchangeable phosphorus (P), soil total and exchangeable potassium (K) and exchangeable aluminum (Al) in both years. Therefore, the beneficial effect may be attributed to the improvement of bulk density, soil nutrient element and the reduction in pH, as well as the rhizosphere microbial populations in intercropping systems.     

花生荚壳抗黄曲霉菌侵染的鉴定方法研究及抗性种质发掘

        黄曲霉毒素污染是影响花生食用安全性和制约产业发展的重要因素。荚壳是花生抵御黄曲霉菌侵染的第一道防线，为建立花生荚壳抗黄曲霉侵染的鉴定方法，本研究利用强侵染黄曲霉菌AF2202接种花生荚果，通过对不同接种菌浓度和培养时间的比较分析，发现接种浓度为2 ×106孢子/mL、培养7d的组合方案可以有效区分花生荚壳对黄曲霉菌侵染的抗性。利用所建立的鉴定方法对276份遗传变异丰富的花生核心种质材料进行接种鉴定，进一步证明了这一方法鉴定花生荚壳抗性的有效性和实用性，初步发掘出2份具有荚壳抗性的特异花生种质。     

不同氮效率花生品种氮素累积与利用特征

氮是花生(Arachishypogaea)生长发育必需的大量元素之一,明确不同品种氮素利用特点,可为花生氮高效品种筛选、培育及节氮栽培提供依据。桶栽条件下,利用15N示踪技术,测定了19个花生品种产量、植株氮含量、氮素积累量及3种氮源供氮量等指标,并以供试品种的产量及氮效率平均值为基准,将品种划分为高产氮高效、高产氮低效、低产氮高效和低产氮低效4种类型,分析了4种类型品种氮素累积与利用特征。结果表明:1)不同类型花生品种氮效率存在较大差异,氮高效型品种荚果氮效率平均为25.0 kg·kg?1,比氮低效型品种平均值高13.6%。2)营养体氮含量中等的品种有利于产量和氮效率同时提高,生殖体和整株氮含量不同类型品种间差异不大;在植株有足够氮积累的前提下,提高氮向生殖体的分配比例是高产氮高效品种的基本特征。3)不同类型花生品种土壤氮和肥料氮供氮水平与氮效率一致,根瘤供氮水平与氮效率因品种产量水平而异;当氮效率相近时,根瘤供氮水平高,有利于产量形成;氮高效型土壤供氮比例略高于低效型,根瘤供氮比例与土壤供氮比例相反,土壤氮与根瘤氮有较好的补偿效应;不同类型品种肥料供氮比例相差不大。4)不同类型品种产量和氮效率与氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力高度一致,而不同类型品种间氮素生物效率差异较小。综上,不同类型花生品种产量和氮效率存在显著差异,选育产量和氮效率双高的品种不仅必要,而且可行,是未来花生节氮栽培的有效途径之一。