粒径对平菇栽培用玉米芯发酵料代谢物的影响

为了解玉米芯粒径对平菇栽培用发酵料中代谢物的影响,采用代谢组学技术分析添加不同粒径玉米芯的发酵料中微生物代谢物及其代谢通路。结果表明,添加小粒径玉米芯(D₅₀=0.5 cm)和大粒径玉米芯(D₅₀=1.5 cm)的发酵料中微生物代谢物差异显著。在正离子(POS)和负离子(NEG)模式下分别筛选得到464种和201种差异代谢物,包括芳香族化合物、氨基酸、糖及醇类、脂质、生物碱等。差异代谢物分别富集到90条(POS模式)和94条(NEG模式)代谢通路,差异显著的有2条,分别为源自鸟氨酸、赖氨酸、烟酸生物合成生物碱和组氨酸代谢。说明不同粒径玉米芯发酵料中微生物代谢物具有显著差异,为发酵料栽培平菇原料选择提供了理论依据。     

基于不同重构土壤材料配比的草木樨生物量差异分析

为揭示不同重构土壤材料对草木樨生物量影响的差异，探寻最适宜草木樨生长的重构土壤材料配比。以内蒙古胜利矿区的表土、煤矸石、粉煤灰及岩土剥离物为原料，在温室大棚内按照不同的配比进行分层和混合盆栽试验，并采用方差分析法对盆栽试验中的草木樨地上生物量进行差异性分析。结果表明：材料间不同的组合、不同的比例都会对草木樨生物量造成影响，且差异显著；表土、煤矸石及岩土剥离物以3：3：4的比例混合时，草木樨生物量较纯表土盆栽生物量提高近30%；煤矸石含量控制在20%~30%、粉煤灰含量控制在10%以下时，重构土壤条件对草木樨生物量促进作用明显。研究表明，煤矸石、岩土剥离物、粉煤灰等可作为表土替代材料，表土替代材料的不同配比会对草木樨生物量产生不同的影响，且当表土：煤矸石：岩土剥离物=3：3：4时，重构效果最佳。     

新型缓控释增效肥研究进展和发展前景

传统肥料面临着利用率低、产能过剩等问题,新型缓控释肥通过新型包膜材料或者纳米技术,实现养分释放速度的可控性;通过添加信号物质,实现植物和化肥的互动,将植物养分需求规律作为主导因素,实现肥料的按需供给,达到减少化肥用量,提高肥料利用效率的目的。从定义、研发背景、分类及发展趋势等方面介绍了新型缓控释肥的研究进展,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

以竹代塑新产品竹微丝复合包装材料的制备及其性能

为减少塑料制品的使用,缓解其对全球环境的污染,以质量分数为90%的竹微丝、2%的聚乙烯、8%的甘油制备竹微丝复合材料,参照传统竹编织技艺,分别采用纯纵向编织法和纵横向编织法等制备了竹微丝复合包装材料,并对其性能进行分析。结果表明:1)与通过传统竹篾工匠手工制备的竹微丝相比,由大型智能化竹拉丝设备制备的竹微丝边缘更整齐;2)与竹微丝单方向编织技术相比,采用纵横向交叉编织技术的竹微丝复合包装材料的抗拉性能更好;3)竹微丝复合包装材料的拉伸强度远大于PE、PVC等传统塑料包装材料。     

Relative Neutralizing Value as an Indicator of Actual Liming Ability of Limestone and Byproduct Materials

Methods used to compare the effectiveness of liming materials (e.g., relative neutralizing value, RNV; effective calcium carbonate equivalent, ECCE) were developed for ground limestone. This method is relatively untested on industrial byproducts that could be used when limestone is expensive or unavailable. The objective was to determine if RNV applies to both ground limestones and industrial byproducts. A 42-d incubation study was performed on three acid soils with 11 ground limestones and 9 different byproducts at four rates based on titration and the modified Adams-Evans buffer method. Overall effectiveness, assessed as RNV compared to Ca(OH)₂, averaged 101.5 ± 0.9% for all the evaluated liming materials, except the paper sludge and dolomitic marble. Thus, RNV was a good estimate of neutralizing ability when particle size was accurate. Addition of RNV to packaging would facilitate the commercial use of byproducts as liming materials allowing consumers to compare products by price and properties.     

沼气原料收储运体系优化研究进展及其影响因素分析

结合调研结果分析了当前我国沼气与生物天然气产业发展的困境,建议构建并优化沼气与生物天然气产业的原料收储运体系,并对其中涉及的站点选址布局和运输路径的优化问题的国内外研究进展进行概述分析,提出原料收储运体系的优化思路,并分析了原料可供给性的影响因素。     

玉米粉中伏马毒素FB1基体标准物质的评价

为填补我国在伏马毒素基体标准物质的空白,本试验研制了以玉米粉为基体的伏马毒素FB1标准物质,玉米样品经过筛、加标、冷冻干燥、磨粉、混匀、密封分装后,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法检验样品的均匀性、稳定性,幵联合多家实验室对玉米粉中伏马毒素FB1含量定值,同时分析样品的不确定度。样品均匀性经斱差分析法表明F值为1.42,小于临界值F_(0.05),且伏马毒素FB1含量在觃定时间6个月内无明显变化。结果表明,均匀性与稳定性均符合标准物质的要求。样品定值为1475.56μg kg~(–1),不确定度为169.98μg kg~(–1)。该标准物质可替代进口标准物质,用于伏马毒素检测过程中的仪器校准、实验室质量控制和操作人员的水平考核等。     

苹果园不同覆盖材料对土壤与近地微域环境及树体生长发育的影响

干旱是影响陇东雨养区苹果生产的主要限制因素之一,覆盖保墒是保证该区苹果稳产丰产的重要措施。为了探寻适宜于陇东地区苹果园的覆盖保墒措施,于19年生‘长富2号’苹果园,采用覆盖麦草(WM)、覆盖细河沙(SM)、覆盖黑色地膜(FM)的地表连续3年(2010年11月—2013年11月)覆盖处理,以清耕(CK)为对照,研究不同覆盖材料对果园环境及树体生长发育的影响。结果表明:4—6月干旱期,3年各覆盖处理0~100 cm土层的平均含水量均显著(P0.01)高于对照,且WM处理SM处理FM处理CK;覆盖第3年,从花芽膨大到果实采收,叶幕形成(幼果期)前0~500 cm土层WM处理和SM处理的耗水量显著(P0.01)低于CK,叶幕形成后则显著(P0.05)高于CK,但耗水总量略低于CK;FM处理在叶幕形成前后均显著(P0.01)高于CK。WM处理降低3—8月份5~25 cm各层土壤温度,而升高了9—11月份土温,但5~25 cm平均地温日变幅始终显著(P0.05)低于CK,同时近地表气温降低相对湿度升高;SM处理对地温的影响较小,但明显提高近地表气温而降低相对湿度;FM处理的地温及日变幅始终高于CK,近地表气温和相对湿度与CK接近。各种覆盖处理对苹果物候期均无明显影响。总体0~60 cm土层各种养分含量顺序为WM处理CKFM处理SM处理,且WM处理随年份增幅较大;FM处理0~20 cm土层与SM处理0~60 cm各土层的有机质、全氮和碱解氮等养分随年份降低最明显,相应的全盐量(包括WM处理0~20 cm土层)均显著(P0.01)低于CK。各种覆盖处理增加了苹果树体枝条生长量,但对枝类组成影响都不大。各种覆盖处理增加了果实单果重及产量,均以WM处理显著(P0.05)高于CK。水分利用效率WM处理显著(P0.01)高于其他处理。综上所述,陇东雨养区苹果园覆盖麦草效果较佳,长期覆沙和覆膜土壤须补充有机肥及其他养分,单一覆膜还需完善。     

生物炭引起的土体回弹变化：土壤质地和生物炭用量的影响

Biochars are,amongst other available amendment materials,considered as an attractive tool in agriculture for carbon sequestration and improvement of soil functions.The latter is widely discussed as a consequence of improved physical quality of the amended soil.However,the mechanisms for this improvement are still poorly understood.This study investigated the effect of woodchip biochar amendment on micro-structural development,micro-and macro-structural stability,and resilience of two differently textured soils,fine sand (FS) and sandy loam (SL).Test substrates were prepared by adding 50 or 100 g kg-1 biochar to FS or SL.Total porosity and plant available water were significantly increased in both soils.Moreover,compressive strength of the aggregates was significantly decreased when biochar amount was doubled.Mechanical resilience of the aggregates at both micro-and macro-scale was improved in the biochar-amended soils,impacting the cohesion and compressive behavior.A combination of these effects will result in an improved pore structure and aeration.Consequently,the physicochemical environment for plants and microbes is improved.Furthermore,the improved stability properties will result in better capacity of the biochar-amended soil to recover from the myriad of mechanical stresses imposed under arable systems,including vehicle traffic,to the weight of overburden soil.However,it was noted that doubling the amendment rate did not in any case offer any remarkable additional improvement in these properties,suggesting a further need to investigate the optimal amendment rate.