土壤发育指标与气候因子的关系及辽西地区古气候重建

通过对我国现代气候条件下发育的22个土壤剖面发育指标的分析,运用相关性分析方法建立了土壤发育指标与气候因子的关系—转换函数,并将之运用于辽宁朝阳凤凰山古土壤剖面古气候参数重建中,得出71 ～423 ka BP以来的古气候参数值:403 ～423 ka BP期间年均降雨量为523.92 ～574.42 mm,年均温为10.6～11.0℃;311 ～403 ka BP期间年均降雨量为1 184.6 ～1 277.2mm,年均温为15.6～16.6℃;243～311 ka BP期间年均降雨量为517.24 ～669.08 mm,年均温为9.18 ～12.2℃;225 ～243 ka BP期间年均降雨量为1 302.7 mm,年均温为16.5℃;208 ～225 ka BP期间年均降雨量为642.54～731.42 mm,年均温为10.1～11.6℃;176～208 ka BP期间年均降雨量为1 231.4 mm,年均温为16.0℃;148 ～ 176 ka BP期间年均降雨量为640.49 ～682.09 mm,年均温为8.49 ～9.13℃;71 ～148 ka BP期间年均降雨量为1 128.2 ～1 294.0 mm,年均温为16.1 ～16.6℃.辽宁朝阳现今全年平均气温9℃,年均降水量450～ 500 mm,说明该地区42万年以来气候有过多次波动,但总的趋势是由温暖湿润向寒冷干旱演化.     

新疆干旱区晚更新世以来的温湿对应关系的探讨

本文基于将今论古的历史比较法,根据多方面资料分析,论证了新疆在独特的地理环境下,冷湿和暖干的对应是晚更新世以来气候变迁的一般规律。文中探讨了大气环流的影响,认为季风气候是形成我国东部地区暖湿和冷干相结合的主要因素。典型的大陆性气候使新疆的温湿组合状况与东部地区相反。东西两种状况的交界带应是季风气候影响范围的界限。     

西安少陵塬黄土—古土壤序列S_3剖面元素迁移及古气候意义

以西安少陵塬S3古土壤剖面为研究对象,通过地球化学分析并结合野外剖面观察,探讨该剖面的元素迁移、化学风化特征及其所揭示的气候变化等问题。结果表明:(1)少陵塬剖面S3黏化层具有3层结构,根据铁质胶膜发育、Ca CO3迁移等可以将S3剖面构型划分为黏化层(Bts1-Bts2-Bts3)、风化淋滤黄土层(BC)和Ca CO3结核淀积层(Bck);(2)Bts层Ca O与Ca CO3迁移程度最大,淋失率分别达到了-99.3%、-83.1%,Sr、Na2O和Mg O也发生了显著迁移,而Fe2O3、Al2O3和Rb则在黏化层略有富集,尤其Fe2O3和Al2O3在Bts3层有明显富集;(3)少陵塬S3古土壤介于初等风化向中等强度风化的过渡阶段,风化作用由BC→Bts2→Bts1→Bts3逐渐增强,Bts3已基本完成初期脱Ca、Na风化过程;(4)依据Ca CO3与Fe2O3的迁移富集特点确定,少陵塬剖面S3古土壤Bts3发育时的土壤为弱碱性,而Bts1和Bts2为碱性;初步确定少陵塬S3为黄褐土,S3发育时期西安地区的年均降水量为800 mm左右。     

西藏吉隆盆地沉积物中黏土矿物组合及其古气候意义

沉积物中黏土矿物具有一定的古环境指示意义。对吉隆盆地中上新世沉积物的研究表明,沉积物的矿物成分主要由黏土矿物伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石、蒙脱石以及长石、石英、方解石及少量的石膏等组成。沉积物的黏土矿物组合指示物源区气候演变经历了从暖湿到冷干的气候波动,显示了古气候由湿润逐渐变为干燥的演化规律。沉积物中伊利石结晶度的测量结果显示了古气候由湿润逐渐变为干燥的演化规律。     

Pedogenesis of plinthite during early Pliocene in the Mediterranean environment: Case study of a buried paleosol at Podere Renieri, central Italy

A complex buried paleosol at Podere Renieri at Montalcino (central Italy) formed during a series of continental episodes within an interval of Pliocene marine sediments from about 4.1 to 4.8 My BP. The aim of this work was to document the kind of pedogenesis which occurred throughout this time and, in particular, the plinthite formation. Plinthite (soft and hard) is poor in organic carbon, neutral or subalkaline, dominated by illite, and enriched in iron and chromium. The main differences between soft and hard plinthite are attributed to soil structure, which is absent in hard plinthite, and to the abundance of iron depleted zones, which are much larger in soft plinthite. Variations in mineralogy, chemistry and genesis of soft and hard plinthite can be ascribed to the specific environment of plinthite formation, close to the Pliocene sea. Pedogenetic evidence indicates that plinthite evolved in a hot and humid paleoclimate, showing a progressive increase in seasonality, and that low-grade plinthite formation occurred in a time span of a few hundred thousand years. Soils with low-grade plinthite have agronomic value in their suitability for the production of high quality Brunello di Montalcino wine.     

地球化学指标在黄土环境演变研究中的应用进展

中国黄土沉积纪录了最近2．6Ma以来黄土高原及全球自然环境演变的历史。重建其演变历史以预测未来气候环境的变化趋势是指导该地区经济、生态环境建设的重要基础。黄土的地球化学指标是重建该地区环境演变历史的重要途径之一。基于进一步研究的目的,总结了黄土地球化学指标在环境演变研究中的应用和近年来取得的进展。     

Late Pleistocene potential distribution of the North African sengi or elephant-shrew Elephantulus rozeti (Mammalia: Macroscelidea)

The Sahara Desert was recently proposed as the agent of vicariant speciation in the North African elephant-shrew (order Macroscelidea, Elephantulus rozeti). Based on evidence from molecular dating, however, this speciation event was estimated as having occurred in the Miocene, an early date of origin for an extant species, predating the dramatic climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene. Here, we explore the possibility of more recent connections of populations of this species across the Sahara Desert that would have facilitated faunal exchange through the Last Glacial Maximum. We used ecological niche modelling based on current climatic datasets and known occurrence points to develop models of present-day potential distributions of E. rozeti and related taxa. Given that the Miocene scenario was proposed based on a single set of evidence, we here provide a partial test based on an independent analysis of present and past potential distributions. Our results corroborate the idea of vicariance, but indicate that distributional patterns and ecological characteristics are consistent with a more recent, post-Pleistocene vicariance across an increasingly arid Sahara. We emphasize the importance of multiple sets of evidence to be brought to bear on complex biogeographical questions, and offer models of palaeoclimatic and palaeoecological distributions and independent sources of such information to complement molecular systematic studies.     

国内外泥炭腐殖化度及对其古气候意义研究的对比分析

以年代标尺为线索,总结了国内外对泥炭腐殖化度的研究区域及内容,并对其指示的古气候意义进行了对比分析,提出泥炭腐殖化度的古气候指示意义虽因地域的差异而不同,但仍是指示古气候环境水热变化的重要指标.     

厄尔尼诺——南方涛动(ENSO)的古气候研究评述

 通过对树木年轮、冰核、珊瑚等的测定和分析获得的古气候记录研究成果,评述了ENSO的演变规律及强度变化特征,指明了ENSO是可查证记录以来就己存在的现象。     

李家岗下蜀黄土剖面的反射光谱研究

采用色度学方法,系统研究了下蜀黄土典型剖面的反射光谱特征。结合磁化率、微量元素Ｒｂ、Ｓｒ的含量和比值,讨论了色度参数的古气候意义,初步把下蜀黄土形成以来的古气候划分为３个波动旋回。下蜀黄土和黄土高原色度参数的对比,揭示了长江中下游地区更强的化学风化作用和成壤强度。