浮萍与稻糠控制稻田杂草效果初探

稻田杂草过分依赖除草剂,使杂草抗药性增强,同时对生态环境造成破坏。笔者通过田间试验表明,水稻种植早期撒施浮萍、稻糠对稻田单、双子叶杂草有较明显的生态控制作用,稻糠对杂草的株防效和总鲜重防效可达50%以上,但控制时间较短,对晚发双子叶杂草的抑制作用有限。相较之下,浮萍持效期更长,对单、双子叶株防效和总鲜重防效在70%左右。     

外源硅钝化稻田土壤重金属Cd有效性及降低稻谷Cd含量研究

【目的】利用两种外源硅肥材料开展试验,研究外源硅对土壤重金属Cd有效性以及稻谷Cd含量的影响。【方法】以硅胶（分子式mSiO2.nH2O,含量98%以上）、液体硅肥（SiO2浓度≥23%）作为外源硅肥材料,通过在重金属镉Cd超标稻田土壤施用硅胶,在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期喷施液体硅肥,研究硅钝化稻田土壤重金属Cd有效性及降低稻谷Cd含量。【结果】施用硅胶达到100kg/667m2对降低土壤有效Cd含量有极显著效果,表明稻田施用硅胶可以钝化土壤重金属Cd有效性;施用硅胶达到100kg/667m2对降低稻谷Cd含量有显著效果,施用硅胶再配合喷施液体硅肥时,对降低稻谷Cd含量有极显著效果;施用硅胶、液体硅肥对提高稻谷产量有显著作用。【结论】基施硅胶配合喷施液体硅肥,对钝化土壤重金属Cd有效性,降低稻谷Cd含量,提高稻谷产量具有显著效果。     

Fusarium solani Upregulated Sesquiterpene Synthase Expression,Sesquiterpene Production and Allelopathic Activity in Piper betle L.

Activators of sesquiterpene synthase (STS) gene expression and sesquiterpene production in Piper betle L. were examined using quantitative real time PCR and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods, and the allelopathic activity of untreated and Fusarium solani-treated betel extracts was tested on seed germination and on the shoot and root growth of Thai rice variety PSL2 (Oryza sativa cv. Phitsanulok 2) and three dominant paddy weeds (Eclipta prostrata, Echinochloa crus-galli and Chloris barbata). The results demonstrated that F. solani dramatically upregulated STS expression and productions of β-cubebene, β-caryophyllene and germacrene D sesquiterpene when compared with the untreated control, and that betel extracts had a greater inhibitory effect on weeds than on rice. The effects were more clearly detected on seed germination and root growth than on shoot growth, and they were found to be dose-dependent. It is also noted that F. solani-treated extract had stronger effects than the untreated extract. The species most sensitive to the allelopathic effects was C. barbata, germination of which was completely inhibited even at a dose of 0.1 mg/mL untreated extract. With regards to rice, although betel extract at 1.0 mg/mL showed no inhibition on germination, it affected the elongation of rice roots, in addition to those of the tested weeds. The obtained data suggested that F. solani has potential as an activator of sesquiterpene allelochemical production via STS expression, the latter leading to the treated betel extract having a stronger phytotoxic effect. These results were beneficial in the promotion of natural herbicide production using biotechnology.     

稻田土壤养分特性对不同耕作方式的生态响应

为深入了解耕作措施对稻田耕层土壤的作用效果,笔者在前人研究结果的基础上综述了免耕、翻耕等不同耕作方式对稻田土壤物理性质包括容重、孔隙度、团聚体、水分、温度,土壤化学性质如氮、磷、钾、有机质和微量元素含量以及土壤生物学特性包括微生物、酶活性的影响,分析了不同稻作措施的优缺点。最后对稻田耕层的合理调控提出因地制宜,依据当地的气候、土壤条件、栽培模式选择合理的耕作方式;合理轮耕,免耕、翻耕和旋耕交替运作;配施绿肥和有机肥;推行节水稻作模式等建议。     

长江中游湖泊鳜与大眼鳜的渐渗杂交

在长江中游鄱阳湖和洞庭湖鳜采样中,采集了兼具鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)和大眼鳜(S.kneri)部分形态特征的中间类型(主要特征:口裂后缘伸达眼睛后缘之下,眼睛大小、头后背前部隆起介于鳜与大眼鳜之间)48尾。为了明确中间类型的分类学关系,采用量化传统形态分类指标、筛选种间特异微卫星标记,对中间类型个体进行鉴定分析。结果:(1)量化分析表明,鳜和大眼鳜在头长/眼径、(吻长+眼径)/口裂长上存在显著差异,鳜头长/眼径为5.286～7.157、(吻长+眼径)/口裂长为0.811～0.999,大眼鳜分别为3.306～5.106和1.040～1.166。48尾中间类型中,5尾判定为鳜,其他43尾个体仍不能鉴定。(2)从28对微卫星标记中筛选出5个鳜和大眼鳜的种间鉴别位点(T103、T063、T089、T135、W19517),利用这5个位点对中间类型的个体进行遗传分析和鉴定,中间类型中有16尾为种间杂交后代,其中9尾为杂交F_1与大眼鳜的回交个体。长江中游湖泊中鳜和大眼鳜存在种间渐渗杂交,今后需加强长江鳜鱼野生资源遗传监测和管理。     

Decreasing of methanogenic activity in paddy fields via lowering ponding water temperature: A modeling investigation

Methane (CH₄) is a potent greenhouse gas and the huge CH₄ fluxes emitted from paddy fields can prejudice the eco-compatibility of rice cultivation. CH₄ production in submerged rice crops is known to be highly influenced by water temperature. Hence, lowering ponding water temperature (LPWT) could be an option to mitigate CH₄ emissions from paddy environments when it is possible either to irrigate with slightly colder water or to increase ponding water depth. However, paddy soil is a complex environment in which many processes are simultaneously influenced by temperature, leading to a difficult prediction of LPWT effects. For this reason, LPWT efficiency is here theoretically investigated with a one-dimensional process-based model that simulates the vertical and temporal dynamics of water temperature in soil and the fate of chemical compounds that influence CH₄ emissions. The model is validated with literature measured data of CH₄ emissions from a paddy field under time-variable temperature regime. Based on modeling results, LPWT appears promising since the simulated reduction of CH₄ emissions reaches about −12% and −49% for an LPWT equal to −5 °C during the ripening stage only (last 30 days of growing season, when rice is less sensitive to temperature variations) and −2 °C over the whole growing season, respectively. LPWT affects CH₄ emissions either directly (decreasing methanogenic activity), indirectly (decreasing activity of bacteria using alternative electron acceptors), or both. The encouraging results provide the theoretical ground for further laboratory and field studies aimed to investigate the LPWT feasibility in paddy environments.     

马尾松林间伐前后养分动态的研究

根据定位观测数据，对马尾松人工中龄林间伐前后的养分变化状况进行了分析研究．结果表明，通过间伐，林木各器官的养分含量均发生了明显的变化．林分养分的积累量，随着林分生物量的变化而变化．间伐以前，主要营养元素在树冠生物量中积压最多．间伐以后，主要营养元素在树干生物量中积累最多。说明间伐可以增加树干的干物质积累，对提高林木产量具有重要意义．     

马尾松人工林抚育间伐起始期的研究

通过对马尾松人工林试验地调查并选取标本木进行树干解析，分析马尾松人工林间伐合理起始期及不同起始期对林分生长影响，结果表明：初植密度高，间伐合理起始期提前，反之，间伐合理起始期推迟。超过间作合理起始期间伐会抑制林木生长。间伐合理起始期可以通过分析胸径加年生长量来确定。     

兴安落叶松天然优良林分改造为母树林的研究初报

该研究采用疏伐及其它促进结实的技术措施,探讨母树林合理密度和结构。结果表明,25～30年生兴安落叶松第1次巯伐合理密度为300株/ha;结实量比对照区提高6～14倍;出种率提高2.65％～3.16％;发芽率提高4.40％～9.86％;病虫危害率降低1.77％～5.77％。环状剥皮的结实率为90％;单株结实量提高60％。     

间伐措施在杨树结构栽培中的应用技术研究

据对35/66杨的对比试验表明,在初始密度较高时,资源紧缺地区,为提高木材产出,可以适当提高造林密度,以缩短杨木生产周期,初始造林密度在1 000株/hm2左右,为培育大径杨木可采用间伐措施,间伐强度要适中,在第4年间伐50%,使保留密度在500株/hm2左右;以培育大径材为目标时,为能获得最大量的大径杨木,一般不宜采用密植后再间伐的经营措施.