四环素在典型土壤中的吸附行为·吸附动力学·热力学特征

[目的]研究四环素在典型土壤中的吸附行为及吸附动力学和热力学特征。[方法]采用平衡振荡法,研究了不同试验条件下3种典型土壤对四环素的吸附效能。[结果]黑土对四环素的吸附能力最高,其对应的饱和吸附量超过85.0 mg/g,黄土次之,而高岭土的吸附效能最低,仅11.6 mg/g。酸性pH条件和较高的土壤有机质含量有利于3种土壤对四环素的吸附,当土壤中有机质去除后整体吸附能力将下降15%。3种土壤对四环素的吸附是一个吸热过程。黑土对四环素吸附过程符合准一级反应动力学方程,而黄土和高岭土对四环素的吸附更符合准二级吸附动力学方程。黄土和高岭土对四环素的吸附满足Langmuir吸附等温式,即认为上述吸附主要归因于单分子层吸附;相对应的常用来表征竞争吸附的Freundlich方程更符合黑土对四环素的吸附。[结论]该研究可为揭示四环素在土壤中的吸附富集机理提供科学依据。     

用于农产品保鲜的有机物水溶液相变蓄冷剂

研制了一种有较高相变潜热、低Onset温度,适用于农产品贮运保鲜的高效安全有机物水溶液相变蓄冷剂。从初选的甘氨酸、赖氨酸、山梨醇、脯氨酸、葡萄糖等5种有机物中,利用DSC法筛选了相变潜热较高的甘氨酸水溶液为主储能剂,再与0.1 mol/L的丙三醇进行复配获得更低的Onset温度。以质量分数为0.1%的苯甲酸钠作为防腐剂延长蓄冷剂的使用期限,并用高吸水性树脂作为基质,得到蓄冷剂的最终配方为:甘氨酸0.4~0.8 mol/L,丙三醇0.1 mol/L,苯甲酸钠质量分数为0.1%,其余为水,并添加质量分数为0.75%~0.81%的SAP作为基质。通过调节甘氨酸浓度,可获得相变潜热为296.4~305.9 J/g,Onset温度为-7.3~-5℃的系列有机物水溶液相变蓄冷剂,并且无明显过冷度和相分离现象,安全性好,具有应用前景。     

Comparison of the effects of zinc nitrate-tetrahydrate and tributyltin-oxide on the reproduction and avoidance behavior of the earthworm Eisenia andrei in laboratory tests using nine soils

The aim of this contribution was to evaluate whether the sensitivity of the earthworm avoidance test is comparable to that of the earthworm reproduction test (standard test guidelines for both are available). The objective was to determine if relatively simple short-term tests are useful as an initial screening step for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of potentially contaminated soils prior to performing long-term, elaborate tests. Therefore, the effects of two model substances, zinc nitrate-tetrahydrate and tributyltin-oxide (TBT-O) on the reproduction and the avoidance behavior of the earthworm Eisenia andrei were compared using Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) artificial soil as well as eight natural soils, including LUFA St. 2.2 soil, covering a wide range of pH-values, organic matter content and texture. Almost all tests fulfilled the validity criteria defined in the two standard guidelines published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), despite the fact that the properties of natural soils differed clearly from those of OECD artificial soil. The median effective concentration (EC50) values estimated for zinc nitrate-tetrahydrate in 48-h avoidance tests and in 56-day reproduction tests were often similar when using the same soil (seven out of nine soils). However, in the case of TBT-O, the outcome was more complex: in two test soils the avoidance EC50 values were by a factor >3 higher than the reproduction EC50 values. In one of the test soils it was the other way around and the remaining soils showed comparable EC50 values in both tests. Summarizing the results obtained here and according to experiences reported in the available literature, the earthworm avoidance test may be recommended as an initial screening tool in the ERA of potentially contaminated soils. However, further research is needed to understand the factors that contribute to the difference in sensitivity between reproduction and avoidance tests.     

测定土壤有机质含量的示波电位滴定法

用Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７作氧化剂,以硫酸亚铁标准溶液回滴过量的Ｋ２Ｃ４２Ｏ７,用以器批示终点,提出了测定土壤中有机质含量的新方法。该法灵敏度高,精密度好,简便快速,且不受颜色、混浊等干扰,用于土壤样品中有机质含量的测定,结果与重铬酰四容量法－－外加法相差在±０．２％以内。     

Duration of the standard earthworm avoidance test: Are 48 h necessary?

Ecotoxicological tests are often recommended for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of contaminated soils. In comparison to chemical residue analysis that focuses on individual contaminants, ecotoxicological tests are able to integrate the effects of the overall contamination, including interactions between individual contaminants, as well as between the contaminants and the various soil properties. However, their use is limited by the fact that the most sensitive tests are chronic tests such as the earthworm reproduction test which lasts 56 days. In order to promote the use of ecotoxicological tests for the routine assessment of contaminated test soils, the usage of short-term earthworm avoidance tests were investigated in the German project ERNTE. According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guideline no. 17512-1, such a test has a duration of just 48 h which, although less than chronic tests, is still quite long in comparison to modern methods of chemical analysis whereby results are often available within 24 h (“on-site analysis”). Therefore, we assessed the effects of shortening the duration of the earthworm avoidance test from 48 to 24 h on the resulting ecotoxicological data. Eight uncontaminated natural soils and 22 contaminated natural soils containing a wide range of chemicals were tested concurrently for 24 and 48 h. Additionally, seven of the uncontaminated natural soils (one was excluded due to its low pH) plus Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) artificial soil or LUFA (Landwirtschaftliche Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalt, Speyer, Germany) St. 2.2 soil were spiked with two model chemicals (zinc nitrate-tetrahydrate and tributyltin-oxide (TBT-O)) and tested accordingly. It was also investigated whether the results would differ when using either standard LUFA St. 2.2 or OECD artificial soil as a control when contaminated natural soils were tested. Statistical analysis of the data indicates that a decrease in test duration in general did not result in a different assessment of the test soils. In view of the fact that an ERA of contaminated soils is increasingly starting with an on-site analysis (i.e. data are available within 24 h) it is recommended to change the existing ISO guideline, i.e. to decrease the test duration from 48 to 24 h. In doing so, the use of a multi-concentration design increases the robustness of the test results. Both OECD and LUFA St. 2.2 soils are equally suitable as controls.     

不同浓度的激素组合和有机物组合对甘薯脱毒苗快繁的影响

以甘薯一号脱毒试管苗为材料,研究了在MS基本培养基中添加不同浓度激素组合和有机物组合对其生长和快繁的影响。结果表明：各激素及有机物对甘薯脱毒苗生长指标总值的作用为6-BA>NAA>IAA和烟酸>肌醇>VB₁>甘氨酸>VB₆。激素及有机物最佳浓度组合分别为NAA（0mg/L）+6-BA（0.1mg/L）+IAA（0.1mg/L）和甘氨酸（3.0mg/L）+VB₁（0.6mg/L）+VB₆（0.25mg/L）+烟酸（100mg/L）+肌醇（1.00mg/L）,在此组合下,试管苗光照培养30d,形态指标总值和繁殖系数分别为25.52和24.98,达到最佳。     

土壤微团聚体中矿物-有机复合体特征

以国家肥力网湖南祁阳红壤长期定位试验站的长期施有机肥和长期施化肥的土壤为研究对象,采用干筛法获得土壤微团聚体。利用同步辐射红外显微成像法研究土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和有机官能团的原位分布图谱及其相关性。结果表明:土壤中黏土矿物(3 620 cm-1)和大分子有机物(脂肪,2 920 cm-1;蛋白质,1 650 cm-1;多糖,1 080 cm-1)呈高度异质性的分布规律。其中,黏土矿物和多糖有较为相似的分布模式;而黏土矿物和脂肪、蛋白类物质则呈现差异较大的分布模式。与长期施化肥处理的土壤微团聚体相比,长期施有机肥处理的土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和大分子有机物呈现更高的分散性。此外,施有机肥和化肥处理土壤微团聚体样品中黏土矿物与有机官能团的决定系数(R2)均为:黏土矿物-脂肪黏土矿物-多糖黏土矿物-蛋白质,表明土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和大分子有机物的亲和性有差异,且该差异不受长期施肥处理的影响。同步辐射微区域红外谱进一步表明,从土壤微团聚体外部到内部,黏土矿物的特征峰和大分子有机物的特征峰强度均逐渐增加。