Crop use and profile distribution of phosphorus in soils that developed on mafic rocks in southern Portugal

The phytoavailability of soil phosphorus (P) depends on the different forms in which it occurs and how these forms change after the application of P fertiliser to the soil. Forms of P in the A, B and C horizons of eleven pedons that developed on mafic rocks were characterised by a fractionation method before and after fertilisation with single superphosphate, and a micropot experiment was conducted to assess the short-term use of P fertiliser by rye (Secale cereale L.). The main sources of P to the crop were (i) phosphate adsorbed on mineral surfaces and pedogenic Fe, Al or Ca phosphates in the A horizon and (ii) Ca-phosphates in B and C horizons. In the C horizons, poor in Fe/Al phases and clay, the precipitated Ca-P showed low solubility, resulting in a reduction in shoot biomass. The apparent P recovery by rye was similar in the A (36%) and B (29%) but decreased in the C (15%) horizons. The partial factor productivity (g g^?1) decreased from the A (58) to B (11) and C (5) horizons. P phytoavailability decreased with increasing profile depth because the transformation of P fertiliser to poorly soluble Ca-P forms increased with depth.     

3-P(4S)并联平台振动特性分析与实验验证

为了研究3-P(4S)并联平台作为振动台的应用前景,根据其动力学模型构建了振动方程,并根据其驱动器特性对振动方程进行简化处理,得到其固有频率和正则固有振型,并在ADAMS仿真软件上对理论振动模型进行了仿真验证,误差范围在0.5%以内。对3-P(4S)并联平台的振动特性进行了分析,包括固有频率随运动位置变化特性和灵敏度特性。通过力锤敲击法进行了3-P(4S)并联平台的模态实验,对实验所得的时域信号进行傅里叶变换得到频域波形,其固有频率的实验值和理论计算值的误差在3%以内,验证了理论分析,说明3-P(4S)并联平台可应用于振动模拟及振动测试等领域。     

控释配方肥中不同控释养分比例对香蕉产量的影响

【目的】建立香蕉系列控释配方肥的产量效应方程,确定适于香蕉生长发育的控释氮、磷、钾比例,为香蕉产业提供高效、简便的肥料和施肥技术。【方法】采用大田试验及三元二次回归设计,以不施肥和常规施肥(追肥16次)为对照,研究系列控释配方肥(追肥4次)中控释氮、磷、钾比例对香蕉产量的影响,建立适于香蕉生长的最佳控释配方肥方案。【结果】控释氮、钾比例高的控释配方肥较常规施肥增产显著,其中以控释氮比例为46.5%,控释磷比例为3.5%,控释钾比例为18.2%处理的产量最高(30.44 kg/株),增产率达22.65%;系列控释配方肥中,控释氮、钾比例显著影响香蕉产量,而控释磷比例对香蕉产量影响不显著;控释配方肥能够解决香蕉常规施肥后期脱肥问题,且在明显减少施肥次数的条件下能提高香蕉产量。【结论】适于香蕉生长的最佳控释配方肥方案是:控释氮占总氮的33.6%、控释钾占总钾的11.0%,控释磷占总磷的0%,此时香蕉产量为26.6 kg/株。     

Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.     

温度对Olsen法测定潮土速效磷的影响和校正方法的探讨

探讨了温度对Ｏｌｓｅｎ法测定潮土速效磷的影响，结果表明，撮温度和速效磷浸出量之间呈极显著正相关，这种影响又与土壤速效磷贮量有关。根据统计分析得出比率（Ｐ２５／Ｐ１）与温度之间的有关参数，确定了包含土壤磷素水平影响在内的１０￣３０℃温度范围的经验校正式：Ｐ２５＝Ｐｔ（Ａ＋Ｂｔ）经检验，不同土样任意温度下测定值的校正值与２５℃时测定值无显著差异，符合试验要求。     

Relationship between Olsen P and Ammonium Lactate–Extractable P in Portuguese Acid Soils

The soil phosphorus (P) test in Portugal is based on extraction with ammonium lactate (AL) at acidic pH. Because this test is rarely used in other countries, it is desirable to see whether the AL-P values correlate with the more commonly used P tests. In this work, we compared AL-P with bicarbonate-extractable P (Olsen's method) for a group of 48 samples from Portuguese acidic soils differing widely in P status. Despite their contrasting composition, both reagents extracted phosphate from the same sources, albeit in different proportions. Both Olsen P and AL-P were strongly correlated with resin-extractable and dilute electrolyte-desorbable P, which are respectively related to the soil contents in phytoavailable P and P that can be released to runoff or drainage water. Olsen P and AL-P were strongly correlated (R² = 0.870), the correlation became stronger when three overfertilized soils were excluded (Olsen P = 2.35 + 0.45 AL-P; R² = 0.908; P ≤ 0.001, n = 45). No correlation was observed for a group of soils recently fertilized with Gafsa phosphate probably because the acidic AL reagent dissolved residual calcium phosphate, thus overestimating the soil content in desorbable P. On the basis of the present results and the AL-P-based fertility classes used for fertilizer recommendation purposes, Olsen P–based fertility classes were tentatively proposed for Portuguese acidic soils.     

农村土地利用方式对嘉兴土壤氮磷含量及其垂直分布的影响

为了探讨农村不同土地利用方式对土壤氮磷含量的影响，采用现场采样及室内分析测试方法，对嘉兴市水稻田、菜地、果园、畜禽养殖、农村庭院5种土地利用方式下的土壤氮、磷及其垂直分布进行了比较研究，结果表明：（1）不同农村土地利用方式土壤中TN、TP、OlsenP含量均呈自上层向下层逐渐降低的趋势。（2）在不同土地利用方式下，0～40cm土层土壤TN含量差异显著，而40～80cm土层土壤TN含量差异不大。（3）在不同土地利用方式下，0～80tin各土层土壤TP、OlsenP含量的差异均显著。在0～80cm土壤剖面中，养殖场、庭院、果园、菜地土壤TP平均含量分别为水田土壤的4．0、2．1、1．9、1．8倍；土壤OlsenP平均含量分别为水田土壤的35．5、10．6、10．0、4．4倍。     

Hypophosphatemia Induced by Dietary Aluminium Hydroxide Supplementation in Growing Pigs: Effects on Erythrocytes,Myocardium, Skeletal Muscle and Liver

Håglin, L., B. Essén-Gustavsson and A. Lindholm: Hypophosphatemia induced by dietary aluminium hydroxide supplementation in growing pigs: Effects on erythrocytes, myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver. Acta vet. scand. 1994, 35, 263-271.– Three groups of pigs were studied during and after 10 weeks of treatment with either Al(OH)₃ (Al[OH]₃-group, n=8) to induce hypophosphatemia, A1P0₄ (AlP0₄-group, n=8, aluminium control without hypophosphatemia) or no addition to the feed (control group, n=8). Blood samples were taken at the start of the experiment and after 3, 6 and 10 weeks and were analyzed for phosphate, calcium and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Samples from myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver were obtained in connection with exsanguination and analyzed for glycogen, adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and lactate. The Al(OH)₃-group became hypophosphatemic and hypercalcémie with low levels of 2,3-DPG in erythrocytes within 3 weeks and showed a retarded growth rate. After 10 weeks the Al(OH)₃-group had low levels of ATP in myocardium as compared with the control-group and low levels of G-6-P as compared with the AlP0₄-group. No disturbances on electro-cardiograms registered at rest could be documented. G-6-P concentration was low in the biceps muscle in the Al(OH)₃-group as compared with the AlP0₄-group and in the liver low G-6-P concentration was seen in addition to high lactate concentration. The fibre type composition in M. Longissimus did not differ between groups, but the Al(OH)₃-group had, due to retardation in growth, smaller mean fibre-areas than pigs in the AlP0₄-group. Hypophosphatemia gave rise to high serum calcium levels, low concentration of 2,3-DPG in erythrocytes and influenced G-6-P concentration in skeletal muscle, G-6-P and ATP in myocardium, G-6-P and lactate in liver. Retarded growth was one serious consequence of hypophosphatemia and the disturbed energy metabolism.     

Olsen P评估植物有效磷的有效性 和土壤P吸附参数及它们间的关系

为了查明Olsen法(碳酸氢钠提取态磷)是否适用于酸性土壤有效磷的测定,土壤P吸附参数及它们之间的关系,利用同质地不同磷含量酸性土壤提供了这方面的信息。结果表明,Olsen法适用于酸性土壤植物有效磷的测定,Olsen P与植物磷吸收量表现出极显著相关。磷最大吸附量(Qm)与磷吸附强度(K)显著负相关。土壤缓冲容量随取样次数增加逐步减少,第3次取样时,土壤缓冲容量高磷处理(P3)中磷处理(P2)低磷处理(P1)无磷处理(P0),说明随着生长时间增加,作物从土壤带走磷量增加,含磷量低的土壤磷缓冲容量随之降低。Olsen P与Qm,K均无显著相关,但土壤磷吸附饱和度、Olsen P均证实,实验用土壤目前不会因增加施磷量而引发环境问题。磷吸附参数与Olsen P从环境和农业生产需求两方面说明了土壤磷素丰缺状况。