Influence of organic amendments on dissipation kinetics of two different pesticides in soil: a case study

A study was undertaken to investigate the remedial effect of some soil amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), press mud compost (PMC), cereal straw (CS) at 5 t ha^?1 and fresh cow dung slurry (FCD) @ 0.5 t ha^?1) on dissipation kinetics of imidacloprid and sulfosulfuron under laboratory conditions. Incorporation of CS or FCD was found to be most effective in degrading both the pesticides at faster rates. Dissipation of both the pesticides could be well accounted by two component (1 + 1) first order kinetics. The computed values of parameters revealed that use of organic amendments increased the dissipated fraction of imidacloprid and sulfosulfuron. Incorporation of CS or FCD in soil maintained relatively higher dissipation rate constants for both faster and slower dissipation processes of pesticides in comparison to control. Hence, eco-friendly practices of CS or FCD incorporation as soil amendment in soil can play a vital role in preventing soil and water pollution.     

Changes in sorghum production,soil P forms and P use efficiency following long-term application of manure,compost and straw in a Ferric Lixisol

Low phosphorus availability in cultivated soils limits sustainable crop production in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of long‐term application of different types of organic amendments on soil P forms, P use efficiency and sorghum yields. A long term experiment established in 1980 at Saria in Burkina Faso, comparing the effects of manure, compost and sorghum straw was used. Manure and compost significantly increased organic P and resin‐P by about 35% and 64%, respectively after 10 and 32 years of sorghum cultivation, and HCl‐P after 32 years of cultivation compared to the control. Manure significantly increased NaHCO₃-Pi and NaOH-Pi by 63% and 26%, respectively compared to the control. Sorghum straw had little effect on measured soil P forms. Manure and compost were the best in increasing sorghum grain yield, which effect were strongly correlated to soil pH, carbon and nitrogen. The partial factors productivities of P resulting from the application of studied organic amendments were similar and low, but significantly higher than that of the control treatment. Organic amendments with high P content, maintaining soil carbon and pH could be used to improve soil P availability, sorghum yield and reduce the demand for mineral phosphorus fertilizers.     

猪活动区域多孔介质模型及其阻力系数的CFD模拟

旨在尝试将躺卧姿势下的猪体简化成不同几何形状以求取其阻力系数,并分析它们的差异性。本研究采用校核过的CFD模型,模拟探究了简化猪模型、半椭球模型、椭球模型和半圆柱模型4种不同躺卧猪模型对猪群区域在X、Y和Z3个垂直方向上阻力系数的影响,分析了4种模型对猪栏内气流以及压力分布的影响。结果表明,椭球模型的惯性阻力系数相比半椭球模型与半圆柱模型更加接近简化猪模型,其在X、Z和Y方向上的惯性阻力系数与简化猪模型之间的相对误差分别为-4.0%、-12.2%和14.7%,并且气流与压力分布基本一致。因此,采用椭球模型代替简化猪模型进行建模计算不仅能保证准确度还能有效提高计算效率。     

白云石基多孔陶瓷负载Al2O3催化生物质热解试验

针对生物质热解催化剂煅烧白云石存在机械强度低、容易破碎的问题,提出以白云石和石英砂作为陶瓷主要骨料,烧制后经浓度0. 3、0. 5、1. 0 mol/L Al_2(SO_4)_3溶液处理,制成具有较高机械强度的白云石基多孔陶瓷;以制备的负载Al_2O_3的白云石基多孔陶瓷为催化剂,在水平管式炉上开展玉米秸秆粉催化快速热解试验。结果表明:当白云石与石英砂配比分别为30:70、40:60、45:55、50:50时,随着白云石所占比例的增加,生物油的产率先增大、后减小,生物炭的产率则先减小、后增大,当配比为40∶60时,存在生物油最大产率36. 85%,生物炭最低产率25. 11%。随着Al_2(SO_4)_3溶液浓度的提高,生物油的产率不断减小,生物炭的产率先减小、后又增大,与未经Al2(SO4)3溶液处理相比,生物油产率的降低幅度分别为10. 69%、15. 33%、21. 55%。生物油中醇类物质的相对含量略有增加,酮类、酸类、醛类物质的相对含量逐渐减小,但与不使用催化剂、未经Al_2(SO_4)_3溶液处理时相比,酚类物质的相对含量有显著提高,表明Al2O3的存在有利于酚类物质的生成。热解所产生的不可冷凝生物气主要成分为CO、CO_2、CH_4、H_2,其中CO_2的体积分数最高,约占63%,其次是CO,约占32%。加入制备的白云石基多孔陶瓷后,CO_2、CH_4和H_2的体积分数提高,CO的体积分数降低。     

考虑谷物呼吸的仓储粮堆热湿耦合传递研究

粮食作为生物性多孔介质,具有呼吸特性。一般粮食收获后,大部分时间在密闭不通风状态下存储。以粮堆内局部热湿耦合传递过程作为研究对象,分析了不通风状态下的圆筒形粮仓在自然对流条件下由于温度梯度影响而产生近似冬夏季工况的温度分布和水分转移,借助多物理场数值模拟软件(COMSOL)进行数值模拟,将粮食呼吸作用产热、产湿量以热源、湿源项考虑在数学模型中,通过对温度场、水分场的描述指导工程实践。     

氢氧化镁对水质、底质改良的研究与应用

近年,沿海各地区水产养殖业发展迅速。由于内湾海区海水循环交换能力较弱,黑臭底泥的长期堆积,导致养殖水体水质和底质进一步恶化,然而这种问题普遍存在于封闭式或半封闭式水域环境中。对此,氢氧化镁作为水质、底质改良剂被应用于水环境的治理。本文概述了氢氧化镁的作用机理,包括氢氧化镁与悬浮颗粒物的静电、对氮磷的降解及对硫化氢的降解等作用;同时介绍了氢氧化镁在海水养殖场、淡水湖泊和水库、水华防控、赤潮防控及废水处理中的研究与应用;展望了氢氧化镁和纳米级氢氧化镁在水体环境领域的应用前景。     

Organic amendments decomposability influences microbial activity in saline soils

Organic amendments with contrasting biochemical properties were investigated by conducting an incubation experiment in soils irrigated with different levels of saline water. Soil samples were taken from a long-term experimental field plots irrigated with normal water and saline water having electrical conductivity (EC) 6 and 12 dS m^?1, respectively. Finely ground biochar, rice straw (RS), farm yard manure (FYM) and glucose were added at two rates (1% and 2.5% carbon basis) and incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C. Cumulative respiration (CR), microbial biomass carbon and available nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were negatively correlated with EC, irrespective of the source and amount of added carbon (C). Compared with non-saline soil, at EC 12, relative decrease in CR was lowest with glucose (21.0%) followed by RS (32.0%), FYM (46.0%) and biochar (55.0%). Dissolved organic carbon was positively correlated with salinity and its concentration was higher in treatments with higher rate of C addition (2.5% C). This study showed decomposability of organic amendments and their rate of addition determines microbial activity in saline soils. Further, lower nitrogen (N) release from amendments under saline conditions limits microbial ability to utilize available C for satisfying their energy needs.     

不同碳氮磷源改良剂对铅锌尾矿废弃地土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为分析土壤微生物群落结构对退化生态系统恢复过程的价值,开展野外田间实验,添加不同碳氮磷源改良剂对铅锌尾矿废弃地进行生态恢复,研究其对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,添加碳氮磷源改良剂显著提高了土壤微生物OTU数,微生物多样性指数(Chao1、ACE、Simpson、Shannon),微生物活性和微生物生物量。与对照相比,添加碳氮磷源改良剂显著改变了土壤微生物群落组成,相对丰度增加的微生物门有Bacteroidetes、Euryarchaeota、Verrucomicrobia、Acidobacteria和Candidate_division_OD1,相对丰度增加的微生物属有Solitalea、Sphingomonas、Blastocatella、Planctomyces、Opitutus、Ohtaekwangia和Gemmata;相对丰度降低的微生物门是Cyanobacteria,相对丰度降低的微生物属是Gaiella。Pearson相关性分析表明:在门水平上,Bacteroidetes、Planctomycetes、Euryarchaeota、Verrucomicrobia与微生物活性、微生物生物量呈显著正相关,Chloroflexi、Cyanobacteria与微生物活性、微生物生物量呈显著负相关;在属水平上,Solitalea、Opitutus、Blastocatella、Ohtaekwangia与微生物活性、微生物生物量呈显著正相关;Gaiella与微生物活性、微生物生物量呈极显著负相关。聚合促进树分析表明:在门水平上,尾矿(CK)、尾矿+尿素(N)、尾矿+中药渣+尿素(MHR+N)处理聚在一起,尾矿+磷肥(P)、尾矿+中药渣(MHR)、尾矿+中药渣+磷肥(MHR+P)和尾矿+中药渣+尿素+磷肥(MHR+N+P)处理聚在一起;在属水平上,CK单列,N、P、MHR、MHR+N、MHR+P和MHR+N+P处理聚在一起。综合分析表明,添加不同碳氮磷源改良剂对土壤微生物群落组成、多样性、微生物活性和微生物生物量均有显著性影响,其中MHR+P和MHR+N+P处理效果最好。     

Integrating preventive and curative non‐chemical weed control strategies for concrete block pavements

Reduction in herbicide use in non‐agricultural areas is being imposed by a growing number of governments, triggering the development of alternative strategies for weed prevention and control. This study aimed to determine the weed preventive abilities of different paving types, the required treatment frequency of non‐chemical weed control scenarios on these pavements and the associated weed species composition. A test parking area, constructed with four concrete paving types, was sown with a mixture of dominant weed species. Six scenarios with repeated use of a single weed control method (brushing with waste removal, hot air, selective application of hot water and three scenarios with flaming) and two scenarios with alternating use of brushes and hot air were applied to control the weeds during two growing seasons. Treatments were applied at well‐defined intervention moments, based upon weed development. Over 2 years, the paving types differed in weed coverage (up to a fourfold difference) and required varying treatment frequency (up to a 11‐fold difference) with lowest values for pavings with porous pavers. Within most paving types, up to 28% lower treatment frequencies were found for selective application of hot water, as compared with all other single method scenarios. Shifts in weed composition occurred in plots treated repeatedly with the same technique. Paving type determined the chances for the establishment of different weed species and alternating non‐chemical control methods with different modes of action offered the best opportunity to keep weeds under control.