不同氮效率型苜蓿氮素吸收差异与根系形态的关系及其对氮的响应

以高效型苜蓿（‘龙牧806’‘肇东苜蓿’）和低效型苜蓿（‘公农1号’‘陇东苜蓿’）为试验材料，采用营养液砂培法，在4个供氮量下（2.1，21，210和420 mg·L^-1），研究紫花苜蓿苗期氮素吸收、分配的氮效率型差异及其与根系形态之间的关系。结果表明高效型苜蓿品种的株高、地上生物量、根重、总根长和根体积均显著高于低效型品种（P<0.05）；供氮量较低时（2.1和21 mg·L^-1），高效型向根系分配了较大比例的氮素，而低效型则向地上部分配了较大比例的氮素，根系形态参数与总氮量呈显著正相关（P<0.05），且根重对氮素吸收的直接作用较大，直接通径系数是1.230和1.102。因此，在氮胁迫下，根系形态对氮吸收效率起重要作用，尤其是根系形态中的根重对其影响较大。     

苗期调控对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响

针对冬小麦因播期推迟造成产量损失的问题,以2个不同分蘖能力的冬小麦品种中麦8号和航麦501为供试材料,研究苗期覆膜和补施氮肥对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响。试验设置3个播期：10月5日适期播种（S0,对照）、10月15日适当晚播（S1）和10月25日过晚播（S2）。结果表明：随着播期推迟,小麦产量逐渐降低。晚播条件下,苗期覆膜和补施氮肥可调控冬小麦产量构成因素、农艺性状、茎蘖生长、成穗率以及氮素的吸收利用。综合而言,晚播条件下,覆膜和补施氮肥有利于提高小麦穗长、总小穗数及冬前群体数量;同时,覆膜可显著提高2个品种晚播条件下的分蘖成穗率和过晚播条件下的植株氮素积累量（PNA）及氮肥偏生产力（PFP）,增幅分别为46.4%~89.1%、12.7%~26.5%和19.5%~20.1%;补施氮肥在过晚播条件下有利于成穗率的提高,增幅为18.5%~34.7%。2种调控措施均有利于增加晚播小麦产量,增幅达1.4%~19.5%。但不同分蘖力的小麦对2种调控措施的响应存在差异。综合考虑产量及氮素利用等各方面因素,在晚播条件下,相比于补施氮肥,苗期覆膜更有利于提高晚播小麦产量,弥补晚播造成的产量损失,但在实际操作和节约生产成本方面,前者优于后者。     

麦玉两熟秸秆长期全量还田模式下氮肥对冬小麦生长发育、产量及品质的影响

为了探讨小麦-玉米两熟区长期秸秆还田模式下氮肥的适宜用量,采取秸秆不还田、秸秆全量还田为主因素,氮肥用量(设0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm~25个水平)为辅因素的裂区试验设计,研究了麦玉两熟秸秆长期还田配施氮肥对冬小麦生长发育、产量及品质的影响。研究结果表明:同一氮肥水平秸秆还田处理能够增大叶面积,增强光合作用,提高叶绿素含量及地上干物质量,增加产量。随施氮量的增加,叶绿素呈增长趋势,但叶面积、地上干物质量、穗数、穗粒数及产量均呈先增后减的趋势。蛋白质及湿面筋含量随施氮量增加而提高。过量施用氮肥(270、360 kg/hm~2),产生盐害,会抑制小麦生长,导致减产。秸秆还田配施180 kg/hm~2氮肥处理能明显促进冬小麦的生长发育,提高产量和品质。经模拟分析,秸秆全量还田模式下小麦最高产量的推荐施氮肥量为216.11 kg/hm~2。     

Nutrient Accumulation in Faba Bean Varieties

Increasing the amount of nutrients in plant-based foods will help to improve the nutritional status of people in the World. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as a staple food in developing countries has the potential to provide many nutrients in human diets. The objective of this study was to characterize the nutrient concentrations in leaf, pod, and seed of faba bean varieties. A field study was conducted with six faba bean varieties. Variation in the elemental concentrations of nutrients and protein occurred among varieties and different parts of the plants. The highest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, or copper and protein were in the seeds. However, the highest accumulation of calcium, magnesium, iron, or manganese was in the leaves. We recommend that faba bean can be considered as a valuable crop in the diet of nutrient-deficient consumers due to high concentration nutrients in edible parts of the plant.     

Potassium accumulation,partitioning, and remobilization in high-yield spring maize in Northeast China

Potassium (K) plays an important role in maize yield, but K accumulation characteristics in high yielding maize is still not well documented. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the K accumulation characteristics of high yield (HY)（>15 t ha^?1）spring maize compared with medium yield (MY)（10–15 t ha^?1), and low yield (LY)（<10 t ha^?1). The maximum K accumulation stage in maize appeared between V6 and V12 stage (LY, MY, and HY was 125.46, 138.05, and 146.22?kg ha^?1, respectively). Most of the K (94.27–97.13%) was accumulated during vegetative stages. HY exhibited a significantly higher K accumulation than either MY or LY. For different organs, the K remobilization amount of leaf was the highest, and the remobilization amount of stalk was the lowest, the K remobilization amount of leaf and stalk showed as HY?<?MY?<?LY, same as the total K remobilization amount, but the K remobilization amount of sheath and husk plus cob showed the opposite order. These results indicated that sufficient nutrient supply for maize can not only accumulate more K but also delay leaf senescence and maintain high photosynthetic activity, resulting in reduced K remobilization from vegetative organs, and reduced K loss in whole plant.     

不同施肥水平下青蒿氮、磷、钾养分吸收特性

通过大田试验研究不同施肥水平下青蒿氮、磷、钾的吸收、累积与分配规律。选用当地主栽青蒿品种渝青 1 号为材料，设置高肥、中肥和低肥 3 个施肥水平。于苗期、分枝初期、分枝盛期及蕾期采集植株样本，分为根、茎、 枝和叶 4 部分，测定氮、磷、钾含量，计算青蒿主要生育期植株养分吸收、累积和分配情况。结果表明：青蒿对钾肥 的需求量最多，氮肥次之，磷肥最少。高肥和中肥处理整个生育期氮在不同器官中的含量为叶>枝>根>茎。低肥处理整 个生育期氮在不同器官中的含量为叶>枝>茎>根。高肥、中肥和低肥 3 个处理整个生育期磷在不同器官中的含量均为叶 >枝>茎>根。苗期和蕾期生长阶段高肥、中肥和低肥 3 个处理钾在不同器官中的含量均为叶>枝>茎>根，分枝初期和分 枝盛期生长阶段 3 个施肥处理钾在不同器官中的含量均为枝>叶>茎>根。不同施肥处理对养分积累趋势影响不大，但可 显著影响各器官在不同生育时期的养分积累量及分配比例。养分累积吸收量在生育前期较少，生育中后期急剧增加。 养分累积量以钾最多，氮次之，磷最少。青蒿中氮磷钾的吸收、累积与分配规律在不同施肥水平下存在差异，生产中 应根据土壤肥力和产量目标，采取合理施肥措施，达到经济施肥的目的。     

Unravelling transcriptome changes between two distinct maize inbred lines using RNA-seq

Seed size play a significant role in maize yield production. Two maize inbred lines with distinct seed size and weight, V671 (a large-seed inbred line) and Mc (a small-seed inbred line), were investigated by RNA-seq at 14 days after pollination (DAP), when maize endosperm undergoes an active transition from mitosis to storage accumulation. RNA-seq expression data showed that the small-seed line Mc had a higher storage accumulation activity, whereas the large-seed kernel line V671 possessed a higher DNA synthesis activity. An investigation of the pattern of increasing kernel width at serial DAPs showed that V671 experienced an increased kernel width later than did Mc, but the rate and duration of increase were longer in V671. SDS-PAGE of the storage proteins and quantitative RT-PCR of cell cycle-related genes and indole-3-acetic (IAA) synthesis genes certified that the transition from mitosis to storage accumulation starts earlier in Mc. We hypothesized that the difference in the mitosis-to-storage accumulation transition accounts for the larger seed size in V671 vs. Mc.     

东雷抽黄引水灌区退水对干渠减淤的影响

【目的】分析东雷抽黄引水灌区渠系泥沙淤积问题,探讨通过加大干渠输水流量以减少渠道淤积的可行性。【方法】利用东雷抽黄灌区总干渠的泥沙淤积实测资料,对水沙输移数学模型进行验证,再依据典型年份不同灌季不同时段引水含沙量高低情况,拟定了加大渠道输水流量的多种方案,对不同方案情况下渠道的冲淤过程及减淤量等进行数值模拟计算。【结果】减淤量和抽水费用等的计算结果表明,减淤效果最佳的方案是春灌期间含沙量较低时段加大渠道输水流量,该方案的减淤率为59.63%,减淤耗水费用为9元/m~3,较人工清淤费用(50元/m~3)节省成本82%。【结论】在春灌或夏灌含沙量较低时段,利用退水渠加大干渠输水流量减少渠道淤积在技术上是可行的,经济上也是合理的。     

不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、效益及土壤理化性状的影响

为探明豫北地区高肥力地块不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、经济效益及土壤理化性状的影响,在安阳市北关区壤质潮土上开展了冬小麦不同施氮量试验,设常规施磷钾肥（W1,CK）、常规施肥减施氮肥30%（W2）、常规施肥减施氮肥15%（W3）、常规施肥减施氮肥5%（W4）、常规施肥（W5）和常规施肥增施氮肥5%（W6）6个处理。结果表明,随着氮肥施用量的减少冬小麦主茎叶龄、次生根数、茎蘖数、株高及穗长等农艺性状呈下降趋势,以W6处理最佳。冬小麦产量随着施氮量的增加呈上升趋势,W4、W5、W6处理与W1处理相比增幅分别达48.7%、48.9%、49.1%,W4、W5、W6处理间差异不显著;但与W2、W3处理间差异达到显著水平。不同施氮量处理经济效益较W1处理均有不同程度增加,W4较W1处理净增效益5 869.80元/hm ²,较W5处理净增效益24.45元/hm ²。不同施氮量处理对土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾含量和土壤容重有显著影响,但对pH影响不显著。土壤全氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势;W4处理土壤容重最低。综合分析,以常规施肥减施氮肥5%处理效果最佳。