Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

马尾松叶表微生物多样性

为发掘对林木生长发育有利的优良微生物资源,并筛选适合叶表微生物的收集方法,以马尾松针叶为试验材料,分别用悬摇法和超声波法收集马尾松叶表微生物,用扩增子高通量测序技术、MUSCLE和Qiime软件研究马尾松叶表微生物的多样性。结果表明:扫描电镜观测结果显示,马尾松针叶表面定殖有大量微生物,包括真菌(菌丝及孢子)和细菌。扩增子高通量测序结果表明,马尾松叶表微生物物种丰富,包含细菌运算分类单位(OTUs)490个,真菌OTUs 1273个。马尾松叶表细菌以未分类的蓝细菌属(unidentified_Cyanobacteria)(36.53%)、未分类的拜叶林克氏菌属(unidentified_Beijerinckia)(28.60%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(2.35%)为优势属;叶表真菌以枝孢属(Cladosporium)(2.45%)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)(0.92%)、无头孢菌属(Capnobotryella)(0.91%)为优势属。针对叶表细菌多样性的研究表明,悬摇法和超声波法均有较高的物种检出度;在叶表真菌多样性的研究中超声波法优于悬摇法,但超声波法样品间数据变异性较大,测定结果不稳定。     

利用响应面法优化椰子风味发酵乳加工工艺

本文以脱脂乳和椰浆为原料进行风味发酵乳的制备。以感官评定为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,选取UHT椰浆添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间进行试验,利用响应面法对椰子风味发酵乳的最佳配方进行优化。结果表明,对风味发酵乳的影响程度最大的因子是UHT椰浆添加量,其次为发酵时间。椰浆发酵乳的最佳配方为椰浆添加量16.5%,发酵温度45℃,发酵时间8h。以此配方制成的椰浆发酵乳,感官评分为45.56,产品颜色均匀,口感顺滑细腻,有浓郁的奶香、椰香风味和滋味。     

伊犁绢蒿种子黏液提取工艺及对畜禽粪便污水的净化效果

伊犁绢蒿种子遇水能分泌黏液，黏液物质具有良好的保水性、成膜性、增稠性和分散性，可作为新的天然絮凝剂应用于污水处理中。该文就影响黏液提取率的3个因素提取时间、液料比、提取温度进行探讨，同时用所提取的种子黏液对牛、猪粪便污水进行处理。响应面法结果表明，绢蒿种子黏液在该试验条件下的最高提取率为16.76%，提取条件为：提取时间3 h、液料比60∶1、提取温度64 ℃；畜禽粪便废水处理试验表明，牛粪便废水处理在黏液投加量为50 mg/L时，絮凝率为28%和COD去除率为32.7%；pH值等于6时，絮凝率为46%，COD去除率为44.6%。明矾的联合使用对絮凝有显著的效果，絮凝率和COD去除率最大分别为72.3%和61.3%。猪粪便处理过程中，在黏液投加量为20 mg/L时，絮凝率为30.9%，COD去除率为32.7%，在pH值为7时，絮凝率为29.3%，COD去除率为50%，明矾的联合使用下，絮凝率和COD去除率最大分别为62.6%和68.3%，达到了预想的处理效果。研究可为伊犁绢蒿种质资源在畜禽粪便污水处理方面的开发应用提供参考。     

Effects of commercial thinning,log position in the stem,and cutting width on the surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter

Fifteen stems of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of 3 commercial thinned plots (control, moderate, and intensive thinning) and 15 stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P), both coming from the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region – Canada, were cross-cut into three 2.4?m length sections: bottom, middle, and top logs. Logs were processed with a chipper-canter at three cutting widths (12.7, 19.1, and 25.4?mm), producing chips and a three-faced cant. The middle section of the cant was used to evaluate surface quality across the grain on each face. Roughness and waviness parameters and depth of torn grain were recorded. Knot characteristics were assessed in the three cant faces. Poorer surface quality was found in the lower part compared to the upper part of the cant for both species. At larger cutting widths, jack pine logs coming from a natural stand showed lower surface quality compared to logs from thinned stands. Black spruce waviness increased with the cutting width and stem height. These results were attributed to the increase of forces and vibration when cutting at larger cutting widths, which was worsened by the presence of bigger, more numerous knots at the control plot and in the top logs. Black spruce had deeper torn grain compared to jack pine. Their differences in knot characteristics resulted in a maximum torn grain depth favored by the presence of more knots rather than by bigger knot size. Other knot characteristics, such as the position of the knots in the cant face, the insertion angle of the branch and the distribution of the knots around the log, should be studied to better understand the relationship between torn grain formation and knottiness.     

割前摘脱收获机立式离心分离复脱清选装置优化

针对水稻割前摘脱脱出物草谷比低和处理量大的特点,为提高谷物脱出物的处理能力,设计了一种可循环喂入的立式离心分离复脱清选装置并对其进行了响应面优化试验。以喂入速度和螺旋输送器转速为影响因素,以分离率、复脱率和破碎率为试验指标,通过二次正交旋转中心组合试验得到了其性能指标和工作参数的响应曲面模型。利用Design-Expert软件分析各参数对性能指标的交互作用可知,输送器转速对分离率、复脱率和破碎率的影响较大,而喂入速度则较小。通过多目标优化,得到最佳工作参数:输送器转速541.4 r/min、喂入量1.226 kg/s;在该参数组合下的期望结果:分离率为90.4%、复脱率为66.1%、破碎率为0.77%;在该参数组合下的验证性试验结果:分离率为89.4%、复脱率为65.2%、破碎率为0.83%。结果表明立式离心分离复脱清选装置处理效率高,谷物损伤小,能够适应对割前摘脱脱出物的处理要求。     

Exogenous application of humic acid and salicylic acid to alleviate seedling drought stress in two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Efficacy of 1?mM humic (HA) and salicylic (SC) acids on SC 260 and SC 705 corn seedlings to alleviate drought stress via polyethylene glycol was studied via hydroponics at Shiraz University, Iran in a factorial, randomized design, with four replicates each. Under stress, SC 260 had higher electrolyte leakage compared to SC 705, and exogenous application of HA combined with SA decreased SC 705 electrolyte leakage. As a general trend, photosynthetic pigment content, relative water content, root and shoot length, mean number and diameter of central and peripheral root metaxylem, and K⁺ accumulation were higher in SC 705 treated with HA and SA compared to SC 260. Application of HA with SA could be an effective and low cost approach to ensure seedling establishment and plant growth in fields affected by soil drought in the early season, especially for the SC 705 corn hybrid in semi-arid regions.     

基于EDEM的茶鲜叶分级机的筛分率的研究

为了提高鲜叶分级机的筛分率,以柳叶种机采鲜叶为试验原料,对6CFJ-70型鲜叶分级机的关键技术参数进行了研究,利用Solidworks 2014对鲜叶分级机进行3D建模,基于离散元法建立鲜叶仿真颗粒模型和接触力学模型,设置关键仿真技术参数,运用EDEM 2018软件对鲜叶在锥形滚筒中的运动进行了数值模拟,得到影响筛分率的关键参数为锥形滚筒转速与倾角。为了对上述参数进行优化,以筛分率为目标函数,设计了2因素5水平的二次旋转正交组合试验,运用响应面法得到二次回归模型且通过了相关验证试验。结果表明,影响鲜叶分级效率的主要因素是锥形滚筒转速和锥形滚筒倾角。当锥形滚筒的转速为24 r·min^-1,锥形滚筒倾角为6°时,鲜叶的筛分率为81.7%,具有较好的鲜叶分级效果,本文的研究内容可以为鲜叶分级机的设计与优化提供技术参考。     

Effect of Soil Organic Matter on Adsorption and Insecticidal Activity of Toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis

With the large-scale cultivation of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxin in the world, the problem of environmental safety caused by these Bt crops has received extensive attention. The effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on the adsorption and insecticidal activity of Bt toxin in variable- and constant-charge soils (red and brown soils, respectively) were studied. Organic carbon in the soils was removed using hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2). After H_2O_2 treatment, the SOM in the red and brown soils decreased by 71.26% and 82.82%, respectively. Mineral composition of the H_2O_2-treated soils showed no significant changes,but soil texture showed a slight change. After SOM removal, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH decreased, while the specific surface area (SSA), point of zero charge (PZC), and zeta potential increased. The adsorption isotherm experiment showed that the Bt toxin adsorption on the natural and H_2O_2-treated soils fitted both the Langmuir model (R~2≥ 0.985 7) and the Freundlich model (R~2≥ 0.984 1), and the amount of toxin adsorbed on the H_2O_2-treated soils was higher than that on the natural soils. There was a high correlation between the maximum adsorption of Bt toxin and the PZC of soils (R~2= 0.935 7); thus, Bt toxin adsorption was not only influenced by SOM content, but also by soil texture, as well as the SSA, CEC, PZC, and zeta potential. The LC_(50) (lethal concentration required to kill 50% of the larvae) values for Bt toxin in the H_2O_2-treated soils were slightly lower than those in the natural soils, suggesting that the environmental risk from Bt toxin may increase if SOM decreases. As the measurement of insecticidal activity using insects is expensive and time consuming, a rapid and convenient in vitro method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays is recommended for evaluating Bt toxin degradation in soils in future studies.     

马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸微波萃取工艺参数优化及应用

为了优化马铃薯生全粉不饱和脂肪酸的微波萃取工艺,该试验采用软件Design-Expert 8.05分析以及响应面法来优化马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸微波萃取工艺,得出马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸的萃取模型P=0.000 10.01,R2=0.939 8,并确定马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸最佳萃取工艺:萃取温度81℃,萃取时间11 min,萃取溶剂中丙酮占比0.802 5,料液比3.25∶1,各因素对不饱和脂肪酸质量分数影响大小分别为:丙酮占比料液比萃取温度萃取时间,实测不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为1.081 mg/g和拟合方程的预测值1.084 mg/g基本一致。将该优化方案应用于热风干燥温度对马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸含量影响的分析中,结果表明:随着干燥温度的升高,亚油酸质量分数显著增加(P0.05),总不饱和脂肪酸质量分数增加(P0.05)。优化试验为热风干燥条件对马铃薯品质影响的研究提供了理论依据。