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1.
斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一,但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此,本研究基于室内模拟试验,设计2个降雨强度(50和100 mm/h)以及2种垄作方式(斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作),分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明:(1)在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下,斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%;但在45 min的降雨过程中,由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象,造成50和100 mm/h两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24和1.03倍。(2)斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下,随着降雨历时的变化斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%、平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%,但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33和1.47倍、平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03和1.62倍。(3)在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下,斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系(P<0.01),而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著(P>0.05);而顺坡垄作在两种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系。(4)在两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此,提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生,是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。  相似文献   
2.
A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.  相似文献   
3.
Despite a general consent about the beneficial contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on natural ecosystems, there is an intense debate about their role in agricultural systems. In this work, soybean (Glycine max L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field plots with different P availabilities were sampled across the Pampean Region of Argentina (> 150 samples from Mollisols) to characterize the relationship between available soil P and indigenous mycorrhizal colonization. A subsequent pot experiment with soybean and sunflower was carried out to evaluate the effect of P supply (0, 12, and 52 mg P kg–1) and AMF inoculation on AMF colonization and crop responsiveness to P in a Mollisol. Both crops showed high AMF colonization in the field (average: 55% for soybean and 44% for sunflower). While mycorrhizal colonization in soybean was significantly and negatively related to available soil P, no such trends were apparent in sunflower. Also, total biomass was 3.5 and 2.0 times higher in mycorrhizal than in nonmycorrhizal pot‐grown soybean under low‐ and medium‐P conditions, respectively. Sunflower, on the other hand, did not benefit from AMF symbiosis under medium and high P supply. While mycorrhization stimulated P‐uptake efficiency in soybean, the generally high P efficiency in sunflower was not associated with AMF symbiosis.  相似文献   
4.
葡萄糖和不同数量氮素供给对黑土氨基糖动态的影响   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
通过室内培养实验探讨了葡萄糖及不同数量的NH4+施入对土壤中三种氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸)动态的影响,同时利用氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值探讨了微生物在养分固持过程中的相对贡献。结果表明,土壤氨基糖数量受到外加碳源和养分的显著影响,且其变化各有特征。胞壁酸受养分影响最为显著,可在一定程度上调节并平衡碳氮元素的供给与需求;氨基葡萄糖稳定性高于胞壁酸,但在碳源极度缺乏时也可分解;养分状况对氨基半乳糖的影响并不显著。碳源是促进土壤微生物氮素固持的关键因子,在活性碳源存在下,相对丰富的氮素供给有利于细菌的快速生长,而碳源相对充足时则有利于真菌的快速增殖。  相似文献   
5.
运用直线加平台法确定黑土区玉米氮磷施肥量   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
施肥量的确定一直是玉米高产栽培研究的主要课题之一。分别运用肥料效应函数法和直线加平台法,对按照直线加平台法设计的在黑土上春玉米的田间试验结果进行了统计分析,发现利用直线加平台法设计的田间试验结果也可以用来建立肥料效应函数,并根据肥料效应函数求得相应的施肥量。利用肥料效应函数得到的最高产量推荐施氮量和最大利润推荐施氮量分别为107.4 kg hm-2和103.2 kg hm-2,而最高产量推荐施磷量和最大利润推荐施磷量分别45.5 kg hm-2和41.3 kg hm-2。利用直线加平台法得到氮、磷的推荐施肥量分别为73.9和38.0 kg hm-2,明显低于用肥料效应函数法求得的推荐施肥量。对于肥料效应函数无法处理的试验数据,利用直线加平台法仍然可以对实验数据进行处理并得出实验结果,后者是肥料效应函数法的补充。  相似文献   
6.
通过室内恒温(25℃)避光培养试验,研究了黑土环境中乙草胺的微生物降解特征。在适宜水分条件下,将土壤样品分别进行常规、灭菌、选择性抑菌剂加入等处理后培养并测定土壤乙草胺含量和土壤微生物量。结果显示:在灭菌土壤中乙草胺的残留量较未灭菌土壤显著增加,未灭菌土壤中乙草胺残留数量与微生物量变化密切相关,表明微生物活性是影响乙草胺降解的主要因素。适当的水分有益于土壤中微生物生长,从而促进了土壤中乙草胺的降解。加入青链霉素后乙草胺残留量远大于放线菌酮和常规培养,表明细菌比真菌具有更强的降解乙草胺的能力。随着乙草胺的施药量增加,初期微生物量显著降低,是导致乙草胺总降解率下降的主要原因。  相似文献   
7.
东北黑土活性有机碳、氮分布研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过对东北黑土区不同地点、不同层次的土壤样品的分析,探索活性有机碳(轻组有机C,N、颗粒有机C,N和易氧化有机C,N)在东北地区的分布情况。结果表明,随着纬度的增加,土壤活性有机C、N含量增加;随着深度的增加,土壤活性有机C、N含量减少。说明纬度低的地区,活性有机碳库转化较快,库容较小,而耕作措施相近的情况下,植物残体和根残体在有机C积累方面应予以重视。  相似文献   
8.
农田黑土中不同浓度乙草胺对玉米苗期生长的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过黑土盆栽试验研究了施用化肥条件下不同浓度乙草胺对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,虽然在整个取样期间,植株体内无乙草胺残留检出,但是乙草胺施用对玉米苗期的形态和生理指标均具有一定影响。植株中超氧化物歧化酶活性、地下部分过氧化物酶活性和株高、根长等形态指标在玉米生长前期发生明显变化,其变化趋势受到乙草胺施用量的显著影响。在施有等量化肥的条件下,低浓度和高浓度乙草胺的施用抑制了玉米的生长,但中等浓度乙草胺对苗期玉米的生长表现出一定的促进作用。随着种植时间的延长,乙草胺活性降低,植物体的各项抗性指标和生理指标趋于一致。  相似文献   
9.
【目的】 团聚体的形成为土壤有机碳的稳定提供了重要的物理保护,施用有机肥影响着土壤团聚体的形成,量化有机肥施用剂量与团聚体有机碳稳定性之间的关系对于阐明农田土壤有机碳的固碳机制具有重要意义。 【方法】 以黑龙江省海伦市国家野外科学观测研究站为平台,选择连续10年进行化肥配施不同剂量有机肥处理[0、7.5、15、22.5 t/(hm2·a)]的黑土为研究对象,将团聚体分组与腐殖酸提取相结合,分析了不同粒径团聚体中有机碳和腐殖酸的含量与光学特性。 【结果】 1)与单施化肥相比,化肥配施有机肥增加了大团聚体( > 0.25 mm)的分配比例与团聚体的平均重量直径,二者均随着有机肥剂量的增加而逐渐升高,回归拟合分析表明,团聚体的平均重量直径与有机肥剂量之间呈现显著的正相关关系(P=0.03)。2) 2~0.25 mm团聚体是黑土有机碳的主要贮存场所,约占有机碳总量的64.8%~68.8%,大团聚体中有机碳的含量与储量均随着有机肥剂量的增加而逐渐升高, < 0.053 mm团聚体中有机碳含量与储量则维持在较稳定的水平。3)各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸碳含量以0.25~0.053 mm团聚体最高,各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸碳占有机碳百分比之间的差异不显著。化肥配施有机肥提高了各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸碳的含量,使团聚体对有机碳的固持能力增加,且各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸碳的含量随着有机肥剂量的增加逐渐升高。4)化肥配施有机肥增加了各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸的E4/E6比值,表明其分子结构简单化,且以 > 2 mm和0.25~0.053 mm团聚体中腐殖酸E4/E6比值的增加最显著。 【结论】 在黑土中,长期连续进行化肥配施有机肥,促进了团聚体的形成,改善了耕层土壤结构,增加了团聚体中有机碳的积累与固持能力,并使各粒级团聚体中腐殖酸的结构“年轻化”,这种促进作用在高剂量有机肥施用下更为显著。实际生产中,在短期内可通过适当提高有机肥的施用量以提高黑土肥力及其固碳能力。  相似文献   
10.
 The main objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the agronomic value of composted and noncomposted residues originated in the Andean-Patagonian region (APR), and (2) whether aerobic incubations provide a reliable index of nutrient availability to estimate application rates. A Xeric Mollisol of the transitional zone between the APR and the Patagonian steppe, amended with composted and noncomposted residues, was employed in laboratory incubations without plants and in a 5-month greenhouse trial with ryegrass. Noncomposted residues were biosolids and fish wastes (FW) collected under farming cages. Composts were obtained from fish offal and biosolids mixed with sawdust, woodshavings and yard trimmings. A commercial compost was also included. In laboratory incubations at similar rates of application (10 g kg–1), net N mineralization (Nmin) was about two-fold higher with the noncomposted (17–23%) than with the composted residues (0–12%) and P release was very high with the FW. Ryegrass yields were closely related to the total Kjeldahl N and mineralized N of the organic residues and weakly related to their P contents (total or extractable). Yields were increased even in the case of composts which exhibited very low values of Nmin (and slight N immobilization) during laboratory incubation, suggesting that the presence of plants enhanced Nmin at rates of 10–20 g kg–1. Soil residual extractable P after ryegrass removal was high for fish-derived amendments and the commercial product, suggesting a potential risk of P pollution when these are applied according to N requirements. Aerobic incubations provided a relatively good index with which to assess adequate rates of application. Received: 17 July 1999  相似文献   
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