From the micro-scale to the habitat: Assessment of soil bacterial community structure as shown by soil structure directed sampling

Natural structural units of a luvisol under maize crop were studied to assess if soil structure directed sampling could improve the understanding of arrangements of bacteria in spatially constraint location. Three habitats were defined: (i) soil around fine lateral roots (rhizo-aggregates), (ii) soil close to basal roots (core clods) and (iii) unplanted soil between rows (bare soil clods). These habitats were also investigated with maize plants resulting from Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1 inoculated seeds as a model of enhanced fine root system. Rhizo-aggregates were clearly separated from each other (disconnected habitat) in contrast to micro-samples (fragments) from clods, which belong to cohesive macro-structures. Genetic fingerprints on metagenomic extracts were used to characterize the structure of bacterial communities on 95 micro-samples from the three habitats. For eubacteria, automated RISA (Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis) of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) profiles were performed. PCR-RFLP on nifH gene were used to describe the N-fixer guilds. Exploratory multivariate analyses (PCA and MDS) revealed bacterial community patterns in the sampled habitats. On the basis of ITS profiles, rhizo-aggregates harboured closely related communities, distant from those of the unplanted soil, and each sampled rhizo-aggregate could therefore be considered as a sub-unit of the whole macro-habitat, comprising all the fine roots. The observed low dissimilarity of disconnected rhizo-aggregates is likely to result from the direct influence of maize root tips on the recruitment of rhizosphere bacteria. Molecular fingerprints of nifH from basal root clods (core) were more similar to bare soil than to rhizo-aggregates, indicating similar ecological conditions without, or with, at least, poor maize exudating root influence. Although our study was performed on a limited number of situations, the distribution of bacteria was revealed to be patterned by soil structure units, which is a first step to improve the modelling of microbial ecology in soils.     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米轮作土壤微团聚体组成和分形特征的影响

通过对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作农田生态系统18 a田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层(0～20 cm)土壤微团聚体组成及分形维数(D)的影响,并探讨了特征微团聚体组成比例(PCM,<20μm/(250～20)μm)、微团聚体测定中<20μm与2000～20μm粒级含量的比值(RMD,<20μm/(2000～20)μm)和D与土壤肥力之间的关系。施肥处理包括化肥NPK不同组合(NPK、NP、NK、PK),全部施用有机肥(OM),1/2有机肥+化肥NPK(1/2OMN)及不施肥(CK)共7个处理。各施肥处理均能降低土壤PCM、RMD和D,提高土壤有效养分含量和酶活性。各处理土壤PCM、RMD和D均为OM处理最低,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施低于单施化肥各处理,而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用的降低效果最好。土壤PCM、RMD和D与作物产量、有机质和碱解氮含量及酶活性之间相关性较好,且PCM、RMD和D三者两两之间也具有较好的相关性。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是改善微团聚体组成、降低PCM、RMD和D及提高土壤保肥和供肥能力的关键;PCM、RMD和D均可作为评价长期施肥作物系统土壤肥力的综合性定量指标。     

不同施肥制度对褐土及其微团聚体磷素肥力的影响

通过8年定位试验,研究了不同施肥制度下褐土及其微团聚体磷素肥力变化规律,从各级微团聚体全磷和有效磷储量角度探讨了不同施肥制度下土壤磷素肥力的变化实质。结果表明,不施肥处理主要是由于10～50μm粒级全磷储量和<10μm粒级有效磷储量减少而造成土壤磷素肥力下降;单施常量NPK化肥和增量NPK化肥处理主要通过提高<10μm粒级全磷和有效磷储量增加土壤磷素含量;有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥处理则在提高小粒级微团聚体磷素贮备和供应能力的同时,增强了大粒级特别是10～50μm粒级全磷和有效磷储量,进而使土壤磷素肥力得到提高。采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥是改善土壤磷素肥力的有效措施。     

南方三种典型水稻土长期试验下有机碳积累机制研究Ⅰ.团聚体物理保护作用

选取我国南方三种典型水稻土的长期试验田,采集长期不同处理下的未破坏土壤样品,采用低能量超声波分散法分离得到不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组,研究不同处理下这些团聚体颗粒组中的有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)含量及其分配变化,探讨土壤有机碳积累与团聚体物理保护的关系。结果表明:供试三种水稻土团聚体颗粒组的组成以200~20μm和20~2μm粒径为主,分别占22%~43%和27%~44%,微团聚化作用较强。SOC含量以2 000~200μm和<2μm粒组中最高;而易氧化态碳(Labile organic car-bon,LOC)主要富集于2 000~200μm粗团聚体颗粒组中,其占SOC的比例(LOC/SOC)也是以该粒径中明显最高。直径为2 000~200μm的粗团聚体颗粒组作为新增有机碳的主要载体,随不同耕作和施肥等长期处理的变化最为强烈,其中又以红壤性水稻土的SOC和LOC随不同施肥的变化最为强烈,说明其良好管理下的有机碳累积效应最为显著。统计分析表明,全土的有机碳积累量与2 000~200μm粗团聚体的有机碳积累量之间的关系可用抛物线拟合(R2=0.95,n=8)。由此看来,长期试验下新固定的有机碳积累及其粗团聚体保护可能存在某种饱和机理。计算表明,供试水稻土的粗团聚体保护在长期试验期内还未达到其饱和限,本研究结果支持了我国学者对于近20年来南方水稻土特别是红壤丘陵区水稻土有机碳固定速率较高的认识。同时,红壤性水稻土的粗团聚体保护作用最强,仍然具有明显的固碳潜力,这也提示土壤中氧化铁对水稻土中有机碳的固定和化学稳定可能有重要贡献,水稻土固碳的团聚体保护作用与团聚体中有机碳的化学结合机制有关。     

长期定位施肥设施土壤微团聚体磷素吸附解吸特征性探讨

以长期定位施肥设施土壤为材料,研究了土壤微团聚体对磷素的吸附特征.结果表明:长期定位施用有机肥料使设施土壤有机质含量增幅达到80%～106%,对比未施用有机肥料的设施土壤,土壤总磷量增幅为16%～33%.设施土壤磷素24 h的释放量大于6 d的释放量.而施用有机肥料土壤的磷素释放量明显大于未施用有机肥料土壤的磷素释放量.施用有机肥料的设施土壤微团聚体对磷素的吸附量与粒径相关性差,但是小粒径微团聚体的磷素释放量增加明显.这可能是由于小粒径微团聚体的有机质与磷素富集所产生的结果.在未施用有机肥料的设施土壤中,小粒级微团聚体对磷素吸附量大于大粒级微团聚体.