盐渍化灌区节水改造后土壤盐分时空变化规律研究

为探明沈乌灌域节水改造后因地下水水位变化造成的土壤盐分重分布规律,采用区域土壤信息定点监测,并结合经典统计学、空间插值、缓冲区分析和空间自相关分析方法,研究节水改造前后沈乌灌域土壤盐分空间变异、时空分布规律及不同改造年限区域土壤盐分变化差异。结果表明:节水改造后,秋浇前土壤整体含盐量平均降幅7. 30%,秋浇水量减少,秋浇后土壤盐分淋洗效果减弱9. 26%;空间上,土壤盐分高值区(大于6 g/kg)多位于地下水埋深较浅的东北和南部区域,低值区(小于2 g/kg)位于西南和东部沙区。节水改造后,秋浇前土壤盐分全局Moran’s I指数平均增幅为5%,空间相关性增强;秋浇水量减少,全局Moran’s I指数变化不显著,秋浇作用对土壤盐分空间自相关影响度减弱。由LISA集聚分析可知,改造后、秋浇前南部高-高显著区向不显著和高-低区转变,秋浇后南部集聚特征仍十分显著,存在盐渍化风险,改造后仍是盐渍化防治重点区域。针对中度耐盐作物,沈乌灌域耕层作物生长安全区和深层非盐渍土面积比例分别为49. 66%和71. 57%;改造后,秋浇前耕层作物生长安全区和深层非盐渍土分别增加4. 82、1. 85个百分点,秋浇后,耕层作物生长安全区面积增幅下降5. 02个百分点,深层变化不显著。不同距离缓冲区对平均土壤含盐量的解释能力较强,长期改造区和短期改造区受渠道影响半径分别为1. 5 km和0. 7 km,长期改造区缓冲区内平均土壤含盐量下降速率高于短期改造区,均一化程度较高。综上所述,节水改造工程实施后,土壤盐渍化程度减轻,作物生长安全区面积增加,表聚作用弱化,秋浇水量减少,土壤盐分淋洗效果减弱,土壤环境有所改善。     

Probing mode of action in plant cell cycle by the herbicide endothall, a protein phosphatase inhibitor

The mode of action of endothall, an herbicide which was reported to inhibit plant protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), was investigated. For initial characterization, a series of bioassays was used for comprehensive physiological profiling of endothall effects which suggested a phytotoxic mode of action similar to mitotic disrupter herbicides. Unlike known microtubule disrupters, endothall did not inhibit soybean tubulin polymerization in vitro. As shown in meristematic corn root tips, endothall distorted the orientation of cell division plane and microtubule spindle structures which led to cell cycle arrest in prometaphase. In tobacco BY-2 cells, malformed spindles together with prometaphase arrest of nuclei and abnormal perinuclear microtubule patterns were detected as early as 4 h of endothall treatment. These effects were also observed after treatment with other protein phosphatase inhibitors, cantharidin and okadaic acid, which phenocopied the mitotic changes described in tonneau1 (ton1) and tonneau2 (ton2) Arabidopsis mutants. These mutants are defective in TONNEAU2 (TON2) protein, a regulatory subunit of PP2A, which governs cell division plane and microtubule orientation. Therefore, PP2A/TON2 phosphatase complex is suggested to be an in planta molecular target of endothall. However, in BY-2 cells, additional effects of endothall, including inhibition of S-phase initiation and DNA synthesis, detected by 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, and condensed nuclei arrested in late mitosis were observed which were not reported in Arabidopsiston1 and ton2 mutants. This result indicates that two additional checkpoints in cell cycle were blocked by endothall which are probably not associated with TON2-pathway inhibition. Possibly, inhibition of PP1 and/or other PP2A protein phosphatases are involved in the regulation of these cell cycle phenomena.     

Proton accumulation accelerated by heavy chemical nitrogen fertilization and its long-term impact on acidifying rate in a typical arable soil in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Cropland productivity has been signiifcantly impacted by soil acidiifcation resulted from nitrogen (N) fertilization, especialy as a result of excess ammoniacal N input. With decades’ intensive agricul...     

西南地区主要类型土壤钾素有效性分析

通过测定西南地区主要类型土壤的基本农化性状、Q/I曲线、固钾率和酸提取钾来研究土壤钾素缓冲容量(PBCK),进而分析土壤钾素的有效性.试验结果表明,PBCK与土壤CEC、固钾率和酸提取均呈极显著正相关,因此可以用PECK来衡量土壤钾素有效性.     

Optimization of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme methods for ecosystem studies

Microbial digestive enzymes in soil and litter have been studied for over a half century, yet the understanding of microbial enzymes as drivers of ecosystem processes remains hindered by methodological differences among researchers and laboratories. Modern techniques enable the comparison of enzyme activities from different sites and experiments, but most researchers do not optimize enzyme assay methods for their study sites, and thus may not properly assay potential enzyme activity. In this review, we characterize important procedural details of enzyme assays, and define the steps necessary to properly assay potential enzyme activities in environmental samples. We make the following recommendations to investigators measuring soil enzyme activities: 1) run enzyme assays at the environmental pH and temperature; 2) run proper standards, and if using fluorescent substrates with NaOH addition, use a standard time of 1 min between the addition of NaOH and reading in a fluorometer; 3) run enzyme assays under saturating substrate concentrations to ensure V_max is being measured; 4) confirm that product is produced linearly over the duration of the assay; 5) examine whether mixing during the reaction is necessary to properly measure enzyme activity; 6) find the balance between dilution of soil homogenate and assay variation; and 7) ensure that enzyme activity values are properly calculated. These steps should help develop a unified understanding of enzyme activities in ecosystem ecology.     

退耕对滇池湖滨土壤理化性质与无机磷分布的影响

[目的]明晰退耕对滇池湖滨土壤理化性质和土壤磷素形态分布的影响,进而评价退耕的土壤恢复效应和环境效应。[方法]采用空间代替时间的研究方法,对比研究滇池湖滨缓冲带和设施农田剖面土壤理化性质以及无机磷剖面分布特征,并且以滇池湖滨3个区域(牛恋、海埂、兴隆)相同退耕方式为对照进行研究。[结果]退耕3a后,牛恋缓冲带浅表地下水埋深明显变浅,土壤有机碳和全氮含量明显增加,土壤全磷,Olsen-P,Al-P和Fe-P含量均明显降低,O-P含量明显增加。但是浅表地下水埋深较深的海埂缓冲带土壤理化性质和无机磷组分没有发生明显变化。兴隆缓冲带土壤有机碳和全氮含量明显降低。3a内退耕没有直接对土壤理化性质和无机磷组分产生明显影响,浅表地下水埋深改变是影响土壤恢复和无机磷组分变化的直接原因之一。[结论]滇池湖滨缓冲带和设施农田土壤磷素均存在淋失风险,退耕活动通过抬高浅表地下水位加速土壤磷素淋失从而降低土壤潜在淋失风险。     

双向晶闸管在有载分接开关中的应用

对双向晶闸管的触发电路和过电压RC缓冲电路进行了研究和设计。经理论分析,本设计可以满足10kV电力用户有载调压的需求,具有广阔的发展前景。     

Development of buffer methods and evaluation of pedotransfer functions to estimate pH buffer capacity of highly weathered soils

The pH buffer capacity of a soil (pHBC) determines the amount of lime required to raise the pH of the soil layer from its initial acid condition to an optimal pH for plant growth and the time available under current net acid addition rate (NAAR) until the soil layer acidifies to a critical pH leading to likely production losses. Accurate values of pHBC can also be used to calculate NAAR from observed changes in soil pH. In spite of its importance, there is a critical shortage of pHBC data, likely due to the long period of time needed for its direct measurement. This work aimed to develop quick, simple and reliable methods of pHBC measurement and to test these methods against a slow (7‐day) titration used as benchmark. The method developed here calculates pHBC directly from the pH buffer capacity of the buffer solution and the increase in soil pH and corresponding decrease in pH of the buffer solution following mixing and equilibration. The pHBC values calculated using Adams and Evans or modified Woodruff buffers were in accord with those measured by slow titration. Buffer methods are easily deployed in commercial and research laboratories as well as in the field. The advantage of using buffer solutions to calculate pHBC instead of lime requirement is the broad application of this soil property. The pHBC of a soil is an intrinsic property that would not be expected to need remeasurement over periods of less than decades. Recurring lime requirement can be calculated from the soil's pHBC, initial and target pH values. A large proportion of the variability in pHBC was explained by the soil organic carbon content. This relationship between pHBC and soil organic carbon content allowed us to develop local pedotransfer functions to estimate pHBC for different regions of Australia.     

伊犁察南灌区土壤盐分时空变异特征与运移机理研究

以伊犁河谷察南灌区为研究区,运用磁感式电导率快速获取技术及室内分析相结合手段,通过构建盐分解译模型,获取2015年及2016年秋季0~30 cm、30~60 cm、60~100 cm土壤盐分含量。对土壤各土层进行了盐渍化分级统计和半方差函数分析及空间插值分析。对研究区高程信息进行提取,并通过调查河流影响范围对河流进行缓冲区分析。旨在构建适用于研究区及同类型灌区磁感式盐渍土地快速精量诊断评估与利用规划技术体系,了解干旱、半干旱区灌溉农田土盐时空变异特征,并对土盐时空运移机理进行研究。初步研究表明,相比于2015年秋季,2016年秋季研究区非盐化土面积显著减小,中度盐化土面积显著增加,非盐化土、轻度盐化土呈现向中度盐化土演变的趋势;研究区土壤盐分呈现向中部及东部区域运移的趋势,盐化土面积增加,且盐分含量均值增大;另外,在空间大尺度范围上,河流是影响土盐运移的主要影响因素,在局域小尺度范围内,地势是影响土盐运移的主要影响因素。