Organic matter status and the size,activity and metabolic diversity of the soil microflora as indicators of the success of rehabilitation of mined sand dunes

The effectiveness of the rehabilitation of mined sand dunes on the northern coast of KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa, was assessed based on measurements of the total and labile organic matter content and the size, activity and metabolic diversity of the soil microflora. Soil was sampled (0–10 cm) after 0, 5, 10, 20 and 25 years of rehabilitation and compared with soil under undisturbed native forest and under long-term commercial pine forest. Following topsoil removal, stockpiling and respreading on reformed dunes, there was a massive loss of organic C such that, at time zero, organic C content was only 24% of that present under native forest. Soil organic C content increased progressively during rehabilitation until, after 25 years, it represented 93% of that present under native forest. The pattern of change in light-fraction C, KMnO₄-extractable C, water-soluble C, microbial biomass C, basal respiration and arginine ammonification rate was broadly similar to that for organic C, but the extent of the initial loss and the magnitude of the subsequent increase differed. Microbial biomass C, water-soluble C and KMnO₄-extractable C, expressed as a percentage of organic C, declined during rehabilitation as humic substances progressively accumulated. Principal component (PC) analysis of catabolic response profiles to 36 substrates revealed that the catabolic diversity of microbial communities differed greatly between native forest, commercial pine forest, 0 years and 10 years of rehabilitation. On the PC1 axis, values for soils under native forest and after 25 years rehabilitation were similar, but there was still separation on the PC2 axis. The main factor explaining variation in response profiles on the PC1 axis was organic C content; and the greatest catabolic diversity occurred in soils under native forest and after 25 years of rehabilitation.     

保山昌宁烟区土壤和烟叶中矿质元素分析研究

[目的]为了协调烟叶化学成分,提高烟叶品质.[方法]对保山昌宁主烟区植烟土壤和烟叶中微量元素进行分析.[结果]烟叶中锌、锰、铜含量与土壤中对应元素显著正相关,昌宁县三烟区土壤铜、铁含量丰富,锌、锰缺失,其中11.14％土壤缺锰,2.05％的土壤严重缺锌;烟叶中铜含量偏高,铁含量偏低,锌含量适中.[结论]在烤烟生产上要注意增施锌肥,控制铜肥,喷施锰肥.     

德兴铜矿尾矿库植被重建后的土壤肥力状况和重金属污染初探

德兴铜矿是我国的超大型铜矿,尾矿砂的排放是其主要的环境问题之一,目前主要堆积于尾矿库中。1号尾矿库于1986年服役期满后共堆积矿砂2.15×107 m3,面积约210 hm2。20世纪90年代后期,在坝坡约30 hm2覆有客土的地区进行了一系列植被重建的试验研究工作,本文报道了1998年开始在旱稻(OryzaLinn.)、花生(Arachis Linn.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioidesNash)和湿地松(Pinuselliottii Engelm.)等18种不同植被组合条件下的土壤基本农化性状(pH、有机质(OM)、铵态氮、速效P、速效K)以及0.05 mol L-1 HCl可提取态重金属在3~4年时间内的变化情况,结果表明,坝坡土壤N、P、K严重不足,且保水、保肥能力弱,需要不断地进行培肥和改良。三年多来,土壤pH总体上无显著变化;OM第三年有显著上升,约为第一年的127%;NH4 N成直线下降,第二年和第三年分别为第一年的72.9%和43.0%;随着耕作实践的推移,速效P和速效K显著上升,但仍旧处于较低水平。重金属(主要是Cu)污染严重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在植物中有明显积累。研究结果强调了试验区在植被重建中不宜种植食用植物,以避免食物链的污染。     

矿区生态破坏阶段的土地利用/覆被变化研究——以平朔安家岭矿为例

以平朔安家岭矿为例,在对矿区地貌、植被、土壤等景观要素调查分析的基础上,研究了生态破坏阶段的土地利用/覆被变化扰动因子,土地挖损、土地压占及土地占用的时空顺序、数量、类型及程度,为矿区的生态重建和可持续发展提供依据。     

Optimization of plant growth-promoting bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of mine tailings

Recent studies have indicated that plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can improve revegetation of arid mine tailings as measured by increased biomass production. The goals of the present study were first to evaluate how mode of application of known PGPB affects plant growth, and second to evaluate the effect of this inoculation on rhizosphere microbial community structure. PGPB application strategies investigated include preliminary surface sterilization of seeds (a common practice in phytoremediation trials) followed by a comparison of two application methods; immersion and alginate encapsulation. Results with two native desert plant species, Atriplex lentiformis and Buchloe dactyloides, suggest that seed surface sterilization prior to inoculation is not necessary to achieve beneficial effects of introduced PGPB. Both PGPB application techniques generally enhanced plant growth although results were both plant and PGPB specific. These results demonstrate that alginate encapsulation, which allows for long-term storage and easier application to seeds, is an effective way to inoculate PGPB. In addition, the influence of PGPB application on B. dactyloides rhizosphere community structure was evaluated using PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) analysis of bacterial DNA extracted from rhizosphere samples collected 75 d following planting. A comparative analysis of DGGE profiles was performed using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). DGGE-CCA showed that rhizosphere community profiles from PGPB-inoculated treatments are significantly different from both uninoculated tailings rhizosphere profiles and profiles from the compost used to amend the tailings. Further, community profiles from B. dactyloides inoculated with the best performing PGPB (Arthro Mix) were significantly different from two other PGPB tested. These results suggest that introduced PGPB have the potential to influence the development of the rhizosphere community structure found in plants grown in mine tailings.     

山西矿区土地复垦科学研究与试验示范十八年回顾

山西农业大学矿区土地复垦与生态重建课题组创建于1986年。18年来,课题组采用多学科交叉融合、多专家联手攻关、课题研究与矿区生产紧密结合的方式,先后跨院、跨校、跨省、跨国,同国内外15家科研院所、100多名科研人员,承担国家级课题5项、省级课题7项,并将研究的阶段性成果应用于25项有关工矿企业土地复垦标准的制定和科技开发中。获山西省科技进步一等奖1项、二等奖2项、鉴定成果4项。出版专著4部,发表论文150余篇,编制规划设计报告书25部,积累矿区土地复垦与生态重建图片3580余张、图书800余册。培养研究生30名。相关研究内容也新增到4部面向21世纪课程教材或全国\"十五\"规划教材中。研制的采矿废弃地未来空间生态景观安全格局的规划设计、地形重塑、土壤重构、植被重建、环境灾害控制、生产力快速提高等综合集成技术体系,为整体推进山西省及黄土高原采矿废弃地的生态经济系统重建和可持续利用作了较充足的技术储备。