晋陕蒙矿区排土场不同改良模式下土壤养分效应研究

探究晋陕蒙矿区排土场不同改良模式下土壤养分效应及差异。在内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿排土场,选取砒砂岩沙黄土混掺(FS)、风化煤沙黄土混掺(WC)、沙黄土(SL)三种人工熟化的新构土体,与周边以长芒草为主的原地貌土壤(OL)以及新建排土场(CK)作对比,分析3种改良模式下0～20 cm表层土壤中有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷的含量变化及改良效果差异,并采用加权综合法对几种土壤类型的养分质量进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)不同改良模式排土场相比新建排土场,土壤各养分含量均有显著提高,原地貌土壤在0～10 cm和10～20 cm两个土层中,有效磷含量较对照分别降低了0.36 mg·kg-1和0.9 mg·kg-1。(2)重构小区中不同改良模式下土壤有机碳、有效磷、硝态氮均已超过原地貌土壤养分含量,土壤铵态氮基本达到原地貌水平,土壤全氮尚未恢复至原地貌水平。(3)由5种土壤养分指标计算出的土壤质量指数在0～10 cm土层中的变化范围是0.16～0.79,在10～20 cm土层中的变化范围是0.16～0.55,几种土壤类型的土壤质量指数排序为WCFSSLOLCK。总体而言,不同改良模式土壤养分质量以风化煤掺混土体最高,其次是砒砂岩掺混土体,沙黄土高于原地貌土壤,对照质量最差。     

矿区废弃地生态恢复研究进展

就国内外矿区废弃地生态恢复的现状及主要技术问题，包括矿区废弃地基质改良，土壤侵蚀控制，树种选择等进行了讨论。     

乌海市平沟煤矸石山小地形土壤养分分析

文章以乌海市平沟煤矸石山上平台和边坡两种不同小地形上的土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查取样和室内分析化验,研究煤矸石山两种小地形对土壤养分的恢复情况。结果表明,土壤有机质、全N、碱解N含量在两种不同小地形上表现为边坡>平台,土壤P素、K素含量表现为平台>边坡,总体而言,边坡上土壤养分恢复效果比平台好。平台和边坡上土壤养分含量在不同土层深度中均表现为:0~20 cm层>20~40 cm层。通过参考土壤养分分级与丰缺度标准,目前土壤养分丰缺度主要呈现出缺或极缺状态。     

湖北黄石国家矿山公园种子植物区系研究

在野外调查和资料整理的基础上,对黄石国家矿山公园自然植物区系组成和分布区类型进行了研究。该地区共有种子植物129种,隶属于51科、96属;科的分布类型以世界分布和泛热带分布为主;属的分布以泛热带和北温带分布属为主,温带成分和热带成分比例相当,反映出该区是亚热带和温带植物区系的交汇地区。该区植物种类较为贫乏,草本植物类型占明显优势,充分体现出该区植被的次生性特点。     

ANALYSIS OF OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR DIAGONAL MINE FANS

We shall discuss the real opererating conditions of the mine fans . in the mine diagonal ventilation system and establish a set of mathematics model for analysing the real engineering to provide judgement for technical manage ment of mine ventilation.     

Comparison of two methods that assess soil community level physiological profiles in a forest ecosystem

There are currently two approaches that use whole soil to determine community level physiological profiles (CLPP) based on C-substrate utilization. We assessed the Degens and Harris and MicroResp™ approaches for their ability to distinguish between previously mined and non-mined forest soils that are characterized by gradients in biological, chemical and physical properties. Surface soils (0-5 cm) were collected from two ages of forest rehabilitation (3- and 16-years post mining), within mounds and furrows (caused by contour ripping) and from adjacent non-mined forest soil. Microbial respiration response to individual substrates was six times greater from the Degens and Harris (1.84 μg CO₂-C g soil h⁻¹) than the MicroResp™ (0.31 μg CO₂-C g soil h⁻¹) approach. The MicroResp™ approach was able to distinguish between CLPP of the two ages of rehabilitation (P=0.05), whereas the Degens and Harris approach did not. Neither approach identified an overall difference between the CLPP of mined and adjacent non-mined forest. The MicroResp™ approach revealed a significant difference (P=0.03) in CLPP from mounds of the two rehabilitation ages but no differences between the furrows. In addition there was a difference (P=0.03) in CLPP between the mounds and furrows within the 3-year old rehabilitation but no difference between the mounds and furrows within the 16-year-old rehabilitation. However, the CLPP of mounds of the 3-year old rehabilitation were different (P=0.059) to adjacent non-mined forest, while the furrows were not. There was no difference in CLPP between the mounds or the furrows of the 16-year-old rehabilitation and adjacent non-mined forest. These results suggest that the aspect of microbial heterotrophic function measured in this study takes up to 3 years to re-establish in the furrows and between 3-16 years in the mounds of post-mined rehabilitation soils. Our results also indicated that the MicroResp™ was substantially better than the Degens and Harris approach in distinguishing between treatments; this is likely to be due to differences in substrate concentrations and soil water potentials between approaches. Testing of a more comprehensive range of organic compounds would likely provide greater ecological interpretation of the CLPP data.     

Soil respiration on reclaimed coal-mine spoil

Summary Measurements of soil respiration were made at a number of soil-covered reclaimed coal-mine spoil sites. Many chemical and physical soil factors likely to affect the respiration were also measured. A combination of principal component, cluster, and multiple regression analyses was used to indicate the important factors. These were found to be water-holding capacity and organic matter content. In some cases soil pH was also a controlling factor.     

德兴铜矿尾矿库植被重建后的土壤肥力状况和重金属污染初探

德兴铜矿是我国的超大型铜矿,尾矿砂的排放是其主要的环境问题之一,目前主要堆积于尾矿库中。1号尾矿库于1986年服役期满后共堆积矿砂2.15×107 m3,面积约210 hm2。20世纪90年代后期,在坝坡约30 hm2覆有客土的地区进行了一系列植被重建的试验研究工作,本文报道了1998年开始在旱稻(OryzaLinn.)、花生(Arachis Linn.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioidesNash)和湿地松(Pinuselliottii Engelm.)等18种不同植被组合条件下的土壤基本农化性状(pH、有机质(OM)、铵态氮、速效P、速效K)以及0.05 mol L-1 HCl可提取态重金属在3~4年时间内的变化情况,结果表明,坝坡土壤N、P、K严重不足,且保水、保肥能力弱,需要不断地进行培肥和改良。三年多来,土壤pH总体上无显著变化;OM第三年有显著上升,约为第一年的127%;NH4 N成直线下降,第二年和第三年分别为第一年的72.9%和43.0%;随着耕作实践的推移,速效P和速效K显著上升,但仍旧处于较低水平。重金属(主要是Cu)污染严重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在植物中有明显积累。研究结果强调了试验区在植被重建中不宜种植食用植物,以避免食物链的污染。     

我国滨海酸性硫酸盐土壤中几种不同形态的酸

本研究结果表明,我国滨海酸性硫酸盐土壤中含有大量的黄铁矿,它是一种潜在性酸,氧化后产生硫酸,是这种土壤的主要致酸原因.酸性硫酸盐土壤的pH值很低,一般在3.2至5.5,交换性酸和水解性酸的量很大,一般在0.2至10.5cmol/kg和5.0至31.0cmol/kg.几种形态的酸处于动态平衡,相互制约.随酸性硫酸盐土的剖面发育,黄铁矿的最高含量层、pH值最低层、以及交换性酸和水解性酸的最高含量层都不断向下移动.     

Organic matter status and the size,activity and metabolic diversity of the soil microflora as indicators of the success of rehabilitation of mined sand dunes

The effectiveness of the rehabilitation of mined sand dunes on the northern coast of KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa, was assessed based on measurements of the total and labile organic matter content and the size, activity and metabolic diversity of the soil microflora. Soil was sampled (0–10 cm) after 0, 5, 10, 20 and 25 years of rehabilitation and compared with soil under undisturbed native forest and under long-term commercial pine forest. Following topsoil removal, stockpiling and respreading on reformed dunes, there was a massive loss of organic C such that, at time zero, organic C content was only 24% of that present under native forest. Soil organic C content increased progressively during rehabilitation until, after 25 years, it represented 93% of that present under native forest. The pattern of change in light-fraction C, KMnO₄-extractable C, water-soluble C, microbial biomass C, basal respiration and arginine ammonification rate was broadly similar to that for organic C, but the extent of the initial loss and the magnitude of the subsequent increase differed. Microbial biomass C, water-soluble C and KMnO₄-extractable C, expressed as a percentage of organic C, declined during rehabilitation as humic substances progressively accumulated. Principal component (PC) analysis of catabolic response profiles to 36 substrates revealed that the catabolic diversity of microbial communities differed greatly between native forest, commercial pine forest, 0 years and 10 years of rehabilitation. On the PC1 axis, values for soils under native forest and after 25 years rehabilitation were similar, but there was still separation on the PC2 axis. The main factor explaining variation in response profiles on the PC1 axis was organic C content; and the greatest catabolic diversity occurred in soils under native forest and after 25 years of rehabilitation.