不同土地利用类型下土壤水稳性团聚体的特征

土壤团聚体稳定性是土壤结构的关键性指标,是土壤环境、管理实践和土地利用类型相互作用的结果。本文应用Le Bissonnais法中的快速和慢速湿润测定陕北黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型土壤水稳性团聚体含量,分析土地利用类型和湿润速度对土壤团聚体水稳性的影响。结果表明:小叶杨、侧柏、油松、杏4种林地土壤>0.2mm水稳性团聚体质量分数、平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)较农地和苹果园土壤大,而农地和苹果园土壤团聚体粒级分布的分形维数D值较大,说明林地土壤结构得到明显改善。土壤有机质与>0.2 mm,MWD,GMD和D值呈极显著相关,说明土壤有机质是影响土壤团聚体形成和稳定的主要胶结物质。团聚体稳定性在2种处理下存在明显差异,快速湿润对团聚体破坏大于慢速湿润,说明消散作用在土壤团聚体崩解中起主要作用。     

法国三大现代公园对勒·诺特尔式园林的传承

勒·诺特尔式的园林融合了法国传统园林和意大利园林的造园精髓,一直影响着法国现代公园的设计。巴黎的拉·维莱特、雪铁龙和贝西三大公园的设计,深受勒·诺特尔式园林的影响,以新的元素营造出了具有勒·诺特尔风格的布局和空间,并形成各自的特色,对当代城市公园的营造有着重要的借鉴意义。     

不同光强生态型水稻对始穗期氮钾营养的效应

杂交水稻Ｌｅ／Ｑｉ在施基肥基础上始穗期追施Ｎ，ＮＫ营养比其亲本和仅施基肥（ＮＰＫ）表现剑叶叶绿素（ａ＋ｂ）总量及可溶性蛋白含量多，ＳＰＳ酶活性及ＳＰＳ／Ｆ－１，６－Ｐａｓｅ的酶活性比率高，１４Ｃ－蔗糖同化物从顶３叶及叶鞘的输出率亦高，剑叶含矿质营养Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｎ，Ｍｇ及Ｆｅ也较高。Ｌｅ／Ｑｉ从抽穗期至蜡熟期残留在叶鞘及茎中的可溶性糖及淀粉的量较少，蜡熟期被分配到穗部的量较多，且与谷产量分别呈极显著及显著正相关，谷产量比Ｌｅｍｏｎｔ（母本）高约３２％，比七挂早（父本）高８％，而光合速率则处于亲本之间，偏于母本。     

汾河流域下游不同土地利用方式下优先流区与基质流区土壤团聚体稳定性分析

优先流是水分和溶质在土壤中非均质性运移的普遍现象,但对其形成的优先流区和基质流区土壤团聚体稳定性的研究还较少。为了阐明土壤团聚体破碎机制的差异,研究以汾河流域下游农田、撂荒地和果园3种土地利用方式为对象,采用野外染色示踪法与Le Bissonnais(LB)法分析了土壤染色区分下优先流区与基质流区土壤团聚体稳定性特征。结果表明:土壤染色率主要分布在0—30 cm土层,在10—30 cm土层果园显著高于撂荒地。LB处理的>0.25 mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径(MWD)在不同土地利用方式下表现为果园>农田>撂荒地,相对消散指数(RSI)和相对机械破碎指数(RMI)则有相反的趋势。优先流区在10—20 cm土层比基质流区具有更强的团聚体稳定性以及抵抗消散作用和机械破坏能力。土壤染色率与快速湿润的MWD呈显著负相关,与RSI呈显著正相关。研究表明果园比农田和撂荒地具有更好的优先流特征和团聚体稳定性,并且优先流区抗团聚破碎能力比基质流区更强,这将有利于维持优先流途径稳定性。     

Medical management of biological warfare and bioterrorism: place of the immunoprevention and the immunotherapy

Biological weapons are considered as mass destruction and terror weapons. Terrorism including bioterrorism is the major threat in the future conflicts for our nations. The aim of bioterrorism is more related to the potential disorganisation of the society than to the lethal effects of the agents used. The dramatic consequences cannot be discarded, especially if contagious agents such viral are used. The preparation of specific defence measures is a major challenge for our countries.

The knowledge acquired from the struggle against natural infectious diseases and recent events are essential to improve behaviours to face the biological weapon threats. The defence attitude is based on the anticipation of the threat, the management of the victims, and the restoration of the operational capabilities. This global defence attitude implies six important functions: (i) alert, (ii) detection and diagnosis, (iii) availability of pharmaceutical countermeasures such as vaccine, sera and anti-infectious medicine and products, (iv) medical management of victims, (v) training and information, (vi) research and development.

Passive and active immunoprevention and immuntherapy belong to the approaches discussed in the context of bioterrorism countermeasures. Further researches might be focused on these topics.     

早显性水稻三系不育系乐3A的选育

乐3A是用IR超级稻与金23B杂交F3代的优良单株与矮败型不育系协青早A测交,并经多代回交转育而成的籼稻三系不育系。该不育系配合力强,异交习性好,且具有早熟不完全显性的特点。配制的杂交组合优质,早熟,抗倒性强。2012年8月,该不育系通过了四川省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定,所配组合乐3优727、乐3优2275于2019年9月通过了四川省品种审定。     

Aggregate stability and microbial community dynamics under drying-wetting cycles in a silt loam soil

Aggregate stability often exhibits a large inter-annual and seasonal variability which occurs regardless of residue treatments and is often larger than the differences between soils or cropping systems. Variations in soil moisture and seasonal stimulation of microbial activity are frequently cited as the major causes. The goal of this paper was to evaluate the effects of drying-rewetting cycles on aggregate stability and on its main microbially mediated agents from a mechanistic point of view. The 3-5 mm aggregates of a silty soil were incubated at 20 °C for 63 days with the following treatments and their combinations: (i) with or without straw input and (ii) with or without exposure to four dry-wet cycles. Microbial activity was followed by measuring the soil respiration. We estimated the microbial agents of aggregate stability measuring hot-water extractable carbohydrate-C, microbial biomass carbon and ergosterol content. We measured the water drop penetration time to estimate the hydrophobicity and aggregate stability according to Le Bissonnais [1996. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: I. Theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 425-437] to distinguish three breakdown mechanisms: slaking, mechanical breakdown and microcracking. The addition of straw stimulated microbial activity and increased the resistance to the three tests of aggregate stability, enhancing the internal cohesion and hydrophobicity of aggregates. All the estimated microbial agents of aggregate stability responded positively to the addition of organic matter and were highly correlated with aggregate stability. Fungal biomass correlated better with aggregate stability than total microbial biomass did, showing the prominent role of fungi by its triple contribution: physical entanglement, production of extracellular polysaccharides and of hydrophobic substances. Dry-wet cycles had less impact on aggregate stability than the addition of straw, but their effects were more pronounced when microbial activity was stimulated demonstrating a positive interaction.     

基于Le Bissonnais法对黄土高原森林植被带土壤团聚体及土壤可蚀性特征研究

土壤团聚体的组成和稳定性是衡量土壤结构和质量的主要指标,本研究应用Le Bissonnais(LB)法的3种筛分方法[快速湿润筛分法(FW)、慢速湿润筛分法(SW)、湿润振荡筛分法(WS)]模拟不同条件(暴雨、小雨、扰动)对土壤团聚体的破坏,通过测定预处理后的团聚体特征来表征黄土高原植被恢复对土壤团聚体的影响,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与生态建设提供科学依据。结果表明:在LB法的3种处理方法下,FW处理(暴雨)对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤团聚体主要以0.2 mm为主;SW处理(小雨)对土壤团聚体的破坏最小,WS处理(扰动)居中。土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(DMW),在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为SWWSFW。土壤团聚体平均几何直径(DGM)0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为SWFWWS,土壤团聚体分形维数(D)0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为WSFWSW。在SW处理下,不同植被类型中铁杆蒿群落、黄刺玫群落(样点6、9)土壤团聚体DMW、DGM值较大,可蚀性(K)较小,表明这两个群落的土壤团聚体更为稳定,在小雨环境下更有利于水土保持。对WS处理,侧柏群落、三角槭群落(样点1、2、3)的土壤团聚体更为稳定,可蚀性(K)值较小,因此在外界扰动环境下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落的土壤抗侵蚀能力更强。在FW处理下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落(样点2、3)土壤团聚体DMW、DGM值较大,可蚀性(K)值较小,表明在外界大雨环境下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落的土壤团聚体稳定性更强,土壤抗侵蚀能力更强。总体来说,对于不同环境,不同植被类型下土壤的团聚体稳定性和抗侵蚀能力差异较大,因此应针对不同的环境,采取不同的植被恢复措施来提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。     

《永乐大典》:类书还是百科全书

本文就《永乐大典》是类书还是百科全书这个问题,从其定义、历史、特点、内容、功用、编排等方面进行辨别,得出《永乐大典》是类书而非百科全书的结论。     

试析园林桥在法国古典主义园林中鲜见之因——以凡尔赛宫苑为例

法国古典主义园林在欧洲造园史上具有很高的地位,凡尔赛宫苑是其杰出代表作品之一,然而其中很难见到园林桥的应用。本文试图从政治、文化、历史、景观、功能和科技诸方面解析原因,寻找属于那个时代的特质。