森林生态系统服务的价值评估和补偿:概念、原则和指标

通过生态系统服务价值评估途径制定森林生态补偿标准,意味着立足于市场评估森林生态系统服务的经济价值。但是,一些问题困扰着评估实践,选择哪些指标用于评估就是难题之一。评估存量还是流量,选择指标时应遵循的原则,也必须事先得到明确界定。本研究应用生态学和经济学理论,提出了评估本身应遵循的范畴和原则,以及应当选取的价值类型和评估指标。     

Developing socioeconomic indicators for an ecosystem-based fisheries management approach: An application to the Korean large purse seine fishery

Developing socioeconomic indicators for ecosystem-based fisheries management is particularly important. This is because socioeconomic factors have direct effects on ecosystems, and ecosystems have direct effects on socioeconomic factors. Therefore, it is imperative that socioeconomic indicators are developed and evaluated in order to predict changes in ecosystems and to provide advice for effective fisheries management. In this study, socioeconomic indicators have been developed to be combined with biological and ecological indicators, in order to conduct the ecosystem-based fisheries assessment. In terms of socioeconomic indicators, five socioeconomic criteria were considered as important attributes of socioeconomic changes. These were economic production, business conditions, levels of income, the state of the market, and levels of employment. In order to establish reference points for the evaluation of indicators, target reference points and limit reference points were set through a comparison with other industries or other fisheries rather than by using the Traffic Light System (TLS) method, which has been used in many previous studies. In addition, on the basis of the application of developed indicators and reference points to the Korean large purse seine fishery, the socioeconomic conditions of the fishery and the usefulness of the indicators were evaluated and management implications were discussed.     

对森林生态共享数据问题的初探

共享数据可以为我国经济社会可持续发展指标研究提供丰富的支撑。可持续发展指标的系统调查已经成为各级行政主管部门的经常性工作,数据的获得成为很容易的事情,并且形成惯例成为数字化产品序列,使指标的实施有了可操作的定量化方法。     

中国与CGIAR合作效果评价研究

中国自加入国际农业研究磋商组织(CGIAR)以来,与CGIAR建立了长期友好的合作伙伴关系,在合作过程中双方收获颇丰,但一直存在二者合作效果评估体系缺失的问题,无法量化地比较CGIAR与中国合作尤其是各所属中心与中国的合作差异。通过研究中国与CGIAR合作的情况与成效,结合CGIAR所属中心发布的报告等材料提取了与中国合作效果的量化指标,构建了中国与CGIAR合作效果测度的指标体系并确定了指标权重,再以13个参与评估的CGIAR中心为样本,基于权重,计算出各中心的科研绩效值,并通过横向(各中心之间)和纵向(不同年度)的对比,全面评估了CGIAR各中心的科研绩效表现和潜力的差异,为今后科学有效地分配中国政府对各中心的捐款提供了指导依据。     

新一轮土地利用规划数据转换与指标分解方法探索——以贵阳市修文县为例

掌握规划基数分类体系与土地现状分类（过渡期）分类体系对应关系,规划基数转换按分类释义和转换对应关系直接转换,运用信息系统管理学原理、采用“自上而下”与“自下而上”相结合的方法,对规划年各类用地各项指标按比例法、权重法和综合分析法进行分解。通过用转换的规划基数对土地利用数量、土地利用结构、土地利用区域差异、土地利用空间变化的分析,在上级各类用地指标控制下,对修文县各乡镇的土地需求进行合理调控,统筹安排,应用MAPGIS软件,采用转换的2005年规划基数绘制1：1万乡镇土地利用现状图和1：1万乡镇土地利用规划图。     

我国城市人居环境评价研究进展及展望

文章分析了城市人居环境评价体系的变化与特征,探讨了目前城市人居环境评价体系存在的不足,包括在研究内容上缺乏对人类心理和精神需求的重视,尺度缺乏对区域的考虑,评价指标体系缺乏普适性,评价思想缺乏"低碳"可持续发展的体现及缺乏多学科的交流与渗透等,并在此基础上提出了未来城市人居环境评价发展的新趋势。       

Response of woodpeckers to changes in forest health and harvest: Implications for conservation of avian biodiversity

Woodpeckers (family Picidae) merit specific monitoring and management efforts, both as keystone/facilitator species and as indicators of forest condition. Recent studies indicated that species richness of woodpeckers was correlated with richness of all forest birds, thus suggesting potential exists for management practices that can address needs of woodpeckers in particular and other forest birds in general. We used data from a long-term study (1995–2008) from forest sites in the interior of British Columbia to evaluate how abundances of seven woodpecker species varied with habitat variables previously identified as associated with forest bird richness. We found that tree species richness had either a neutral or positive effect on the abundance of all woodpecker species, whereas abundances of most woodpecker species tended to be lower in stands with high densities of lodgepole pine. Abundances of most woodpecker species were positively correlated with density of beetle-killed pines. Relative to control sites, higher densities of most woodpecker species were found at harvested sites where most trembling aspen and large Douglas-fir trees had been retained. Therefore, management strategies that favour a mixture of tree species, with particular attention to retention of aspen, should safeguard populations of most woodpecker species. Abundances of individual woodpecker species were weakly but positively inter-correlated before the beetle outbreak, and less so during and post-outbreak. It thus appears that no strong trade-offs exist among woodpecker species. These results, combined with previously identified positive correlations between woodpecker and forest bird richness, indicate woodpeckers can be managed as a suite for the purpose of managing avian biodiversity as a whole.     

论城市森林的评价指标

文章在全面分析园林、林业等部门对城市绿化评价指标的基础上,根椐城市森林的特点和中国的城市市情,考虑实际可操作性和横向可比性,提出了从布局、面积、体积、群落结构、建设与维护成本等9项评价指标。       

水分胁迫对掌叶木幼苗生长的影响

[目的]为了阐明水分胁迫条件下植物对水分环境因子变化的适应能力。[方法]通过盆栽控水试验,研究5种(田间持水量为100%、80%、60%、50%、40%)处理对掌叶木1年生幼苗生长量及生物量的影响。[结果]结果表明,处理⑤不能提供幼苗生长所需的水分,幼苗全部干枯死亡;处理①、②幼苗生长表现正常;处理③叶片大量变黄枯萎;处理④叶片大量枯萎脱落且在控水40 d后其存活率只有30%。随土壤含水量的降低,其苗高、地径、叶片数的增长量总体呈减小的趋势,根冠比有不同程度的增大,其中以叶片数的减少量最大;不同处理下各器官生物量分配均为:根>叶>茎。[结论]在水分亏缺条件下,植物幼苗地下部分生长得更好。     

A bio-economic indicators suite for the appraisal of the demersal trawl fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean)

The state of demersal fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (GFCM-GSA 18, Central Mediterranean), years 1996–2003, from a biological, social and economic point of view was analysed using 47 indicators: 22 biological indicators obtained from fishery-independent data through yearly experimental bottom trawl surveys (“Medits” Programme), and 25 socio-economic indicators estimated from fishery-dependent data, available from the monitoring system of the Italian Institute for Economic Research on Fisheries and Aquaculture (IREPA). Biological indicators were applied for “single-species” (Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata, Illex coindetti, Merluccius merluccius, Mullus barbatus, Nephrops norvegicus, Parapenaeus longirostris, Raja clavata, Zeus faber) and for “multi-species” analysis. Economic indicators describing economic performance, productivity, costs and prices, and the overall economic sustainability of fishery were estimated. Social indicators and a general indicator summarising social sustainability were also considered. Indicators’ values were displayed using the Traffic Light system. Both fishery-independent and fishery-dependent indicators highlighted a progressive decline of the trawl fishery system in the GSA 18. This decline was mainly related to the ongoing depletion of the traditional fishery target species (mostly long-living, late-maturing species) partially replaced by the increase of traditional accessory species (generally short-living species), as well as to the reduction of productivity and increasing costs. The whole procedure was proposed as a contribution to the identification and applicability of bio-economic indicators for fishery management purposes.