黎藤节间与节部纤维形态特征的径向变化

为了更好地指导藤材的合理利用,缓解日益紧张的木材供需矛盾,采用显微图像分析方法,对3组黎藤试样2m处藤节间与节部的纤维形态特征进行了观察与统计,并进行对比与分析。结果显示,黎藤节间与节部纤维的长度、宽度、长宽比、腔径、双壁厚分别为981.779和921.271μm、7.786和8.719μm、130.822和113.021、3.716和3.669μm、4.070和5.051μm。由藤芯到藤皮节间处纤维长度和长宽比均呈现先增后降的趋势,节部处纤维长度和长宽比、节间纤维宽度均呈现逐渐下降的趋势;节间、节部处纤维腔径及节部宽度均呈现先降后增的趋势;节间处双壁厚呈现逐渐下降的趋势,节部处双壁厚呈逐渐增加的趋势。经F检验,在0.05水平上节间与节部处纤维宽度和双壁厚存在极显著差异。平均纤维微纤丝角为42.71°,变化区间在39.38°～46.03°;平均纤维素结晶度为46.96%,变化区间在44.10%～49.82%,且藤皮处结晶度大于藤芯处。     

Establishment of macro-aggregates and organic matter turnover by microbial communities in long-term incubated artificial soils

The study of interactions between minerals, organic matter (OM) and microorganisms is essential for the understanding of soil functions such as OM turnover. Here, we present an interdisciplinary approach using artificial soils to study the establishment of the microbial community and the formation of macro-aggregates as a function of the mineral composition by using artificial soils. The defined composition of a model system enables to directly relate the development of microbial communities and soil structure to the presence of specific constituents. Five different artificial soil compositions were produced with two types of clay minerals (illite, montmorillonite), metal oxides (ferrihydrite, boehmite) and charcoal incubated with sterile manure and a microbial community derived from a natural soil. We used the artificial soils to analyse the response of these model soil systems to additional sterile manure supply (after 562 days). The artificial soils were subjected to a prolonged incubation period of more than two years (842 days) in order to take temporally dynamic processes into account. In our model systems with varying mineralogy, we expected a changing microbial community composition and an effect on macro-aggregation after OM addition, as the input of fresh substrate will re-activate the artificial soils. The abundance and structure of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragments amplified from total community DNA were studied by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), respectively. The formation of macro-aggregates (>2 mm), the total organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) contents, the OC and N contents in particle size fractions and the CO₂ respiration were determined. The second manure input resulted in higher CO₂ respiration rates, 16S rRNA gene and ITS copy numbers, indicating a stronger response of the microbial community in the matured soil-like system. The type of clay minerals was identified as the most important factor determining the composition of the bacterial communities established. The additional OM and longer incubation time led to a re-formation of macro-aggregates which was significantly higher when montmorillonite was present. Thus, the type of clay mineral was decisive for both microbial community composition as well as macro-aggregation, whereas the addition of other components had a minor effect. Even though different bacterial communities were established depending on the artificial soil composition, the amount and quality of the OM did not show significant differences supporting the concept of functional redundancy.     

Ni—Si—B系非晶合金的结晶度与退火时间的关系

对Ｎｉ６４Ｓｉ１５Ｂ２１非晶合金条带在２５０℃不同退火时间下的结晶度进行了测定。得到了结晶与度火保温时间呈抛物线关系的实验规律。     

水分含量对玉米淀粉颗粒结晶度的影响

 应用X-射线衍射方法对不同水分含量的玉米淀粉颗粒的结晶度进行了研究。只有在玻璃态情况下,淀粉的无定型区域才产生X-射线衍射图样,衍射峰的强度、面积在某种程度上依赖于淀粉的含水量。玉米淀粉颗粒的X-射线衍射图形是由两部分组成的:微晶区域和无定型区域。随着水分含量的增加,样品的结晶度从小到大,并达到一个平衡值(约45%)。室温下,当水分含量处于低水平时(小于11.25%),玉米淀粉颗粒中的无定型区域处于玻璃态,衍射图形显示的是微晶区域和无定型区域两部分的衍射图形的综合。当水分含量处于较高水平时(大于18.55%),淀粉颗粒中的无定型区域处于橡胶态,其X-射线衍射图形仅由微晶区域形成。在较低水分含量时(小于18.55%),由于塑化作用的影响,增大含水量会导致更多的微晶的形成。当水分含量超过18.55%之后,再增大水分,就会导致微晶片层和剩余的无定型片层的同时分解。     

蒙脱土/木材复合材料的结晶性能

为了考察蒙脱土/木材复合材料的结晶性能,利用X射线衍射仪检测了以处理木材试样和蒙脱土为原材料、借助酚醛树脂制备的蒙脱土/木材复合材料,并将未处理试材、处理试材及复合材料进行比较后发现,试材经氢氧化钠、微波、氢氧化钠-微波、氢氧化钠-超声波处理后,相对结晶度降低;超声波处理后,相对结晶度增大。除氢氧化钠处理试材外,其他处理试材与蒙脱土形成的复合材料的结晶度均进一步降低。未处理材、处理材及复合材料结晶区晶层间距变化不明显。研究还发现,蒙脱土在复合材料中主要以插层型结构存在。      

蒙脱土改性尿素醛肥料的制备及性能研究

【目的】研制氮缓释性能优异且制备工艺简单的缓控释肥料。【方法】采用溶液聚合法将具有纳米层状结构的蒙脱土(MMT)穿插在含有营养元素的聚合物缓释肥料尿素醛(UF)中,制备得到一种具有插层结构的新型生物降解高分子缓控释肥料。采用FTIR、XRD对制备肥料的结构进行表征,通过SEM观察肥料的表面形貌,研究原料配比对肥料加工性能的影响,测定肥料在静水中的释放特性。【结果】随着MMT的加入,制备的缓控释肥料的动态流变性能得到极大提升;其对氮具有优异的缓释效果,在静水中培养70 d,氮的最大累积释放率为38.79%,表明通过破坏结晶性聚合物原有的晶体结构可以提高其缓释性能。【结论】研究结果对于解决目前使用最普遍的化学合成型缓释化肥尿素醛由于高结晶度而导致的缓释性能差的问题具有参考意义。     

福建耕作土壤含钾矿物研究

 研究了福建省10个耕作土壤耕层不含钾矿物。结果表明紫色页岩发育的土壤中云母最多，玄武岩发育的土壤和花岗岩发育的赤红壤云母较少，河流冲积物及石灰岩发育的水稻土云母居中。云母含量高的土壤，钾的潜在供应量高，潜在供应速度大。粘粒伊利石和2-10μm云母对供钾潜力的意义大于粘粒水白云母和10-100μm云母。105℃烘干24小时对粘粒伊利石影响显著；干湿交替（不加钾）过程中各粒级云母对释钾或固钾均有显著相关；干湿交替（加钾）过程中固钾量主要取决于粘粒矿物类型，当粘粒中有较多蛭石时，Δ-K°值主要取决于蛭石；当粘粒中蛭石少而云母多时，Δ-K°值与粘粒伊利石相关极显著。含钾长石在钾素供应及转化上的意义低于云母。     

非晶合金晶化过程中结晶度的DSC法测定与控制（I）

基于非晶合金相变的热力学原理:部分晶化非晶合金的晶化即为残留非晶相的转变,其相变热应正比于残留非晶相的相含量,本文导出了部分晶化非晶合金结晶度XC的DSC法测量公式.进一步通过对其100%无定性样DSC曲线的分析发现:部分晶化非晶合金的XC实际上即为其100%无定性样在同样退火条件下的转变分数fC.为了检验这一推论的正确性,本文选用Ni74Si10B16非晶合金淬态样进行了一系列的等温退火处理和等温DSC测试.结果表明:通过DSC法测定部分晶化非晶合金试样的相变热,不仅可以求出该试样结晶度的大小,而且通过对该合金100%无定形试样的DSC曲线分析和跟踪,甚至可以预测和控制该合金一定退火条件下结晶度的大小.     

沙柳的孔隙结构、微纤丝角和纤维素结晶度研究

【目的】研究不同年轮沙柳(Salix psammophila)材的孔隙结构、微纤丝角和纤维素结晶度,为更合理、有效地利用沙柳资源提供依据。【方法】以取自内蒙古鄂尔多斯沙地的3年生沙柳为研究对象,利用氮气吸附法(NAD)研究不同年轮处沙柳木材的孔隙结构,并用X射线衍射(XRD)测定不同年轮处沙柳木材的微纤丝角和纤维素结晶度。【结果】从髓心到树皮的3个年轮处沙柳木材的比表面积逐渐增大,分别为0.54,0.68和1.81m2/g;孔体积逐渐增大,分别为0.002,0.468和1.560cm3/g,大多数孔隙的直径为2~10nm;而微纤丝角逐渐减小,分别为14.35°,12.17°和10.71°;纤维素结晶度从第1年轮到第3年轮略有增加,分别为48.15%,49.23%和49.58%。【结论】靠近树皮的沙柳材具有较大的比表面积、孔体积、纤维素结晶度和较小的微纤丝角,是制取纤维素材料和生物质能源的较好原材料。     

伊利石对碱性盐化土壤中镉形态的影响

[目的]研究不同伊利石添加量对碱性盐化土壤中重金属镉形态的影响及达到吸附稳定的时间。[方法]采用Tessier连续提取法。[结果]在pH为7.93的土壤溶液中,黏土矿物伊利石的添加使得土壤中重金属镉的有效态逐渐减少,其有效态减少总量从2.047mg/kg增加到3.103 mg/kg,铁锰氧化态和碳酸盐态均有不同程度的升高,有机结合态变化不明显,在吸附行为发生14 d左右基本达到平衡,最后出现少量的离子"释放"。[结论]伊利石对碱性盐化土壤中镉形态有较显著的影响。