土壤—植物系统中重金属污染的治理途径及其研究展望

由于工业“三废”的排放,使农田遭受不同程度重金属的污染,重金属通过在作物体内富集进入食物链,对人畜健康构成了威胁。文章对土壤重金属的污染现状、治理途径及其原理、优缺点、可行性作了简要的回顾,对土壤重金属污染植物修复技术类型、原理、特点以及基因工程等现代生物技术在重金属污染植物修复技术中的应用前景作了进一步的展望,为实现对重金属污染土壤进行有效的生态整治与安全高效益的利用提供了新的技术途径。     

我国超富集·富集植物筛选研究进展

介绍我国进行重金属污染土壤植物修复的超富集、富集植物筛选研究进展,同时对植物修复研究中的植物筛选问题提出了一些设想。     

Examination of Correlation between Histidine,Sulfur, Cadmium,and Cobalt Absorption by Morus L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., and Populus nigra L.

We investigated the relationship between histidine, sulfur (S), cadmium (Cd), and cobalt (Co) in three hyperaccumulating plants, namely Morus L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., and Populus nigra L. The samples were collected around Gaziantep and Bursa cities because these two cities have more than 1,500,000 populations, in Turkey, as well as they are highly industrialized. Analyses for Cd, Co, and S were done by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and for histidine by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS). Related with role of histidine in detoxification, it was considered that histidine did not bind nickel (Ni) directly in the cytoplasm, but in transport vesicles because metal-rich vesicles had been observed in the cytoplasm of cells of hyperaccumulator plants. The linear correlations were r_his-Cd = 0.70 and r_his-Co = 0.74 for P. nigra L., r_his-Co = 0.52 and r_Co-S = 0.76 for R. pseudoacacia L. It was concluded that P. nigra L. leaves can be considered as hyperaccumulators.     

浙江典型铅锌矿废弃地优势植物调查及其重金属含量研究

对浙江境内6个典型的铅锌矿废弃地进行了优势植物调查和植物体重金属含量的定量分析。本次调查共记录到高等植物36种,隶属26属22科,共42个样品。植物中重金属含量高低顺序为Cu相似文献   

超富集植物的研究进展

找到合适的超富集植物是植物修复的关键。通过查阅文献,综述了当前超富集植物的研究进展。     

Comparison of Arsenic and Phosphate Uptake and Distribution in Arsenic Hyperaccumulating and Nonhyperaccumulating Fern

Abstract

Uptake of arsenic (As) and its distribution in Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), an As hyperaccumulator, and Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata L.), a nonhyperaccumulator, in the presence of phosphorus (P), were characterized by employing a hydroponic experiment with a complete three-factorial design. Two levels of As (100 and 1000 µM) and four levels of P (0, 100, 500, and 1000 µM) were used in this study. Arsenic uptake rates on the basis of root fresh weight for the two ferns were similar at low As concentration (100 µM). At high As concentration (1000 µM), however, As uptake rates (373–987 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1) of P. vittata were significantly greater than those of N. exaltata (164–459 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1). In both ferns, addition of P reduced their As uptake rate as well as accumulation. Pteris vittata had a greater As TF (Translocation factor = concentration ratio of fronds to roots) than N. exaltata. On the contrary, N. exaltata displayed a greater P TF than P. vittata. As a result, high P/As ratio was observed in the roots of P. vittata, whereas high P/As ratio was observed in the fronds of N. exaltata. The study illustrated that As hyperaccumulation by P. vittata may be facilitated by its high As influx rate and its high molar P/As ratio in the roots resulting from both high As TF and low P TF.     

超富集植物对稀土元素吸收转运解毒与分异的研究进展

稀土是重要的战略资源,在现代高科技行业和农业生产中发挥着重要的作用。随着稀土需求量的与日俱增,稀土矿山开发加剧,产生了大面积的稀土废弃尾砂地进而污染农田,对当地生态环境和居民健康构成威胁。植物采矿是指在金属污染地上种植超富集植物,在恢复植被和修复污染土壤的同时,还可通过收割地上部实现金属回收利用,是一种原位和低成本的污染土壤修复手段。探究超富集植物重金属富集机理是实现植物采矿的基础,但相对于Ni、Zn、As等超富集植物的研究,稀土超富集植物吸收转运和耐受稀土机制的研究仍然缺乏。本文结合近年国内外研究,从植物富集稀土的四个关键过程综述超富集植物对稀土的吸收、转运和分布解毒机制以及与稀土分异之间的关系,并提出超富集植物中稀土分异的概念模型。     

重金属富集植物黑麦草对锌、镉复合污染的响应

采用盆栽试验研究了锌、镉单一及复合污染对重金属蓄集植物黑麦草生长、叶绿素、抗氧化酶活性、锌及镉吸收的影响。结果表明,锌、镉及复合污染对黑麦草生物量存在不同程度的抑制作用。锌、镉及复合污染均明显降低了黑麦草叶绿素含量,提高了叶片POD、SOD的活性。黑麦草吸收的锌、镉主要集中在植株地上部。以锌、镉复合污染的处理植株抗氧化酶POD、SOD活性最强,对锌、镉的吸收量最大,其地上部锌、镉含量分别达到(3108.72、73.97mg/kg)。黑麦草存在作为土壤重金属锌、镉复合污染植物修复材料的潜力。     

土壤种子库中Mn超量积累植物的筛选

超量积累植物的筛选是植物修复技术应解决的关键问题之一。研究以土壤种子库作为筛选源,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定在Mn矿渣土壤上生长出的植物中的Mn的含量。结果表明,有13种植物能够在富含Mn的矿渣土壤上生长。马唐、求米草对Mn具有抗性;碎米荠能超量积累重金属Mn;樟树种子能够萌发并很好地生长,其中半夏的转运系数最高,具有能重新利用重金属Mn的应用前景。     

湘西铅锌矿区土壤和植物重金属污染现状

调查了湖南湘西铅锌矿区植物组成,研究了尾矿区土壤及周围植物根部土壤的Pb、Zn和Cd含量和基本理化性质,分析了在这些区域自然定居的11种优势植物体内的3种重金属元素的耐性、富集特性。结果表明,矿区土壤极端贫瘠,土壤中Pb、Cd和Zn含量分别达2 789.001、59.83和2 892.00 mg/kg,重金属污染极为严重。该矿区的主要优势物种为禾本科和菊科植物,其中野菊花、狗尾巴草和五节芒3种植物地上部生物量较大且对某些重金属向地上部转运能力较强,对重金属污染土壤有一定的修复潜力;地枇杷的地上部Cd含量最大,达152 mg/kg,转运系数为1.03,是潜在的Cd超富集植物。