变截面板簧轧机电液伺服系统性能分析

设计了变截面板簧轧机电液伺服系统,该系统采用了工控机和PLC组成的两级计算机控制方式。建立了由电液伺服阀、伺服液压缸和轧辊组成的伺服控制系统数学模型。在分析系统的稳态性能和动态性能基础上,采用PID校正方式,进一步增大了系统的剪切频率,缩短了调节时间,降低了稳态误差。结果表明轧机电液伺服系统的稳定性好、控制精度高,达到了设计目的。     

Survey of large circular and octagonal tanks operated at Norwegian commercial smolt and post-smolt sites

A survey was conducted to determine the geometry, operating parameters, and other key features of large circular or octagonal culture tanks used to produce Atlantic salmon smolt and post-smolt at six major Norwegian Atlantic salmon production companies. A total of 55 large tanks were reported at seven land-based hatchery locations, i.e., averaging 7.9 (range of 4–12) large tanks per land-based site. In addition, one 21,000 m³ floating fiberglass tank in sea was reported. Culture volume ranged from 500 to 1300 m³ for each land-based tank. Most tanks were circular, but one site used octagonal tanks. Land-based tank diameters ranged from 14.5 to 20 m diameter, whereas the floating tank was 40 m diameter. Maximum tank depths ranged from 3.5 to 4.5 m at land-based facilities, which produced diameter-to-average-depth ratios of 3.6:1 to 5.5:1 m:m. The floating tank was much deeper at 20 m, with a diameter-to-average-depth ratio of only 2.4:1 m:m. All land-based tanks had floors sloping at 4.0–6.5% toward the tank center and various pipe configurations that penetrated the culture tank water volume at tank center. These pipes and sloping floors were used to reduce labor when removing dead fish and harvesting fish.Maximum flow ranged from 3 to 19 m³/min per land-based tank, with 400 m³/min at the floating tank, but tank flow was adjustable at most facilities. Land-based tanks were flushed at a mean hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 35–170 min. Maximum feed load on each land-based tank ranged from 525 to 850 kg/day, but the floating tank reached 3700 kg/day. Almost half of the large tanks reported in this survey were installed or renovated since 2013, including the three tank systems with the highest flow rate per tank (greater than 17.6 m³/min). These more recent tanks were operated at more rapid tank HRT’s, i.e., from 34.8 to 52.5 min, than the 67–170 min HRT typical of the large tanks built before 2013. In addition, flow per unit of feed load in land-based tanks that began operating before 2010 were lower (19–30 m³ flow/kg feed) than in tanks that began operating later (33–40 m³ flow/kg feed). In comparison, the floating tank operates at a maximum daily tank flow to feed load of 160 m³ flow/kg feed, which is the least intensive of all tanks surveyed. Survey results suggest that the recently built tanks have been designed to operate at a reduced metabolic loading per unit of flow, a tendency that would improve water quality throughout the culture tank, all else equal. This trend is possible due to the ever increasing application of water recirculating systems.     

农业机械液压系统故障诊断专家系统的研究

根据农业机械液压系统故障的特点,应用人工智能专家系统原则和面向对象的程序设计方法,以ＢｏｒｌａｎｄＣ＋＋４．５语言,开发了农业机械液压系统故障诊断专家系统软件。该系统采用了“规则＋故障树”的知识表示方法、正向推理策略和不精确推理模型,并备有诊断过程的解释和知识库的交互式知识获取等功能。     

不同质地重塑土坡面水沙定量关系研究

为确定不同质地重塑土坡面水力学参数与土壤侵蚀速率间的定量关系,采用模拟径流冲刷动床试验的方法,对不同质地坡面的土壤侵蚀速率进行了研究,建立了土壤侵蚀速率与水力学参数、土壤性质间的定量关系。结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀速率与坡度和流量关系密切,且坡度对土壤侵蚀速率的影响更大;土壤质地对土壤侵蚀速率具有明显的影响,相同试验条件下使土壤侵蚀速率呈现"单峰状"分布,在50%含沙量的坡面最大;(2)细沟平均沟深、断面宽深比与土壤侵蚀速率之间具有极显著的相关关系(r=–0.865,P0.01),可以作为反映坡面侵蚀产沙程度的指标;(3)单位水流功率是描述土壤侵蚀速率的最佳水力学参数(r=0.911,P0.01),幂函数可以很好地表达两者之间的定量关系(D_r=49.96Pr~(2.07),R~2=0.795);(4)考虑到土壤性质对坡面侵蚀的影响,在单位水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率的定量关系中引入了土壤黏聚力,进一步提高了定量关系的可靠性(D_r=165.22Pr~(2.36)C~(–0.44),R~2=0.816),由于方程中参数获取的相对简便,在实际应用中具有更广的适应范围与现实价值。     

油液污染颗粒引起的齿轮泵劣化失效研究

综合传动系统油液污染度较高,污染颗粒磨损极易引发齿轮泵流量劣化。基于齿轮泵流量劣化机理,从颗粒破碎的微观角度建立了端面间隙泄漏通道的污染颗粒破碎模型,确定了颗粒破碎常数与泄漏因子的取值。在此基础上推导齿轮泵流量劣化模型,建立了污染颗粒质量与磨损参数的线性关系,并分析了污染颗粒浓度、齿轮泵结构参数等影响因素。试验验证结果表明,齿轮泵流量劣化模型能较好地解释颗粒破碎、磨屑生成等污染磨损过程,并从理论角度提出齿轮泵污染耐受度的估算方法。该模型对于综合传动液压润滑系统设计与污染控制研究有重要的实用价值。     

管网基本定理及其数学模型

本文讨论水力模型的基本形式和管网中管件的定理，以及在水力分析中的应用。作者提出了管网部件的概念，并给出管件的定义及其组合基本定理。并指出根据基本定理的两个重要参数－管件的比例系数和指数系数，可以唯一确定管件任一断面的幂函数数学。文中也讨论基本定理的应用和管网水力学分析方法。     

水力学教学中多媒体课件与板书的使用模式优化研究

课堂教学改革是课程改革的重点。针对《水力学》课程的性质和特点,分析了多媒体课件在《水力学》课堂教学中的积极作用和不足,分析了板书教学的优缺点,最终提出了板书教学和多媒体课件有机结合的主体一辅助武优化教学模式。     

土壤—水环境中溶质动力学的动态模拟

本文针对农业环境中重要的土壤—水环境问题,以我国干旱气候河套灌区土壤盐渍化问题为背景,采用适合于盐渍化土壤特征考虑土壤吸附与不动水体影响的溶质运移模型,对土壤盐溶质动态规律进行系统研究。对求解溶质运移模型的数值方法进行对比评价和对土壤吸附作用与不动水体对盐分动态规律影响进行模拟研究。可用于指导土壤—水环境中盐溶质的预测管理与农业环境保护。     

Characterizing bubble penetration from a falling stream

The depth that bubbles will penetrate a receiving pool before rising due to buoyancy forces is an important phenomena in designing Low Head Oxygenator (LHO) devices, particularly in an indoor application where the available elevation between the top of the fish tank water column and the inside ceiling height is limited. The relationship between bubble loss and LHO geometry is unclear. If the submergence of the LHO is less than the bubble penetration depth, excessive escape of bubbles can increase operating costs substantially. A series of physical experiments were conducted using an elevated bucket with a single orifice to create a falling stream into a receiving pool. The primary variables of hydraulic head, hole diameter and fall height were varied over a practical range for such applications. Videotaping was used to analyze bubble penetration. Regression equations were developed to predict both bubble penetration and standard deviation associated with a specific set of operating conditions. The standard deviation regression equation can be used to predict the statistical variation in bubble penetration depth. Bubble penetration depth decreased as fall height was increased and became stable at a fall height of 50 cm. Bubble penetration increased as hole diameter was increased at all fall heights and hydraulic heads. An example is provided of how to predict bubble penetration depth to meet some user defined statistical confidence for maximum bubble penetration.     

Design and effectiveness of permeable infiltration dams in Burkina Faso

This paper reports on research in the Kongoussi Region of Burkina Faso, on permeable infiltration dams, which sought to establish their agricultural and hydrological impact, and to develop criteria for their most effective design. From these studies it appears that, depending on rainfall characteristics, the sorghum grain yields upstream of these dams were 0-7 t ha⁻¹ to 1-7 t ha⁻¹ higher than those obtained in valley bottom plots not benefitting from such structures. The difference in yield was most marked in relatively dry years. The hydrological impact appeared to be limited, and the impact on groundwater negligible. As for the design criteria, it appeared that the existing methods of Rodier-Auvray and Rodier-Ribstein for estimating runoff floods with a recurrence interval of ten years, are applicable to small catchment areas. Dimensions of a dam can thus be calculated. Other design criteria have been determined in a more qualitative manner and are also presented.