抑制肠道气呼吸大鳞副泥鳅主要呼吸器官的组织病理

为了阐明肠道气呼吸对泥鳅的生理作用,本研究通过抑制大鳞副泥鳅肠道气呼吸,探究其主要呼吸器官的组织病理变化。结果显示,被抑制肠道气呼吸的大鳞副泥鳅通常在1周左右死亡。当被抑制肠道气呼吸的大鳞副泥鳅出现垂死时,采集对照组和实验组的鳃、皮肤、前肠、中肠、后肠以及直肠进行苏木素—伊红(H.E)染色、阿利新蓝—高碘酸雪夫氏(AB-PAS)染色组织切片观察和扫描电镜观察,主要的病理变化:①H.E染色结果显示实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃丝末端充血,背部皮肤表皮层的毛细血管收缩并减少,且真皮层细胞呈畸形,前肠黏膜褶膨大,后肠浆膜层有血红细胞渗出,后肠、直肠结缔组织显著增厚;②AB-PAS染色结果显示,实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃、背部皮肤、后肠、直肠组织中嗜酸性空泡细胞均增多,前肠和中肠固有层酸性黏蛋白含量增多,黏膜下层中性黏蛋白含量减少;③扫描电镜结果显示,实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃丝鳃小片表面皱缩,表皮受损脱落,背部皮肤表面分泌孔增加,中肠内腔表面突起增多,后肠和直肠絮状颗粒增多。研究表明,抑制大鳞副泥鳅肠道气呼吸会引发其主要呼吸器官上皮组织出现黏液细胞增多、血红细胞溢出等病理变化,甚至导致机体死亡,由此可知,肠道气呼吸行为是大鳞副泥鳅的必要生理活动。本研究将为大鳞副泥鳅的健康养殖及幼苗培育提供新的参考。     

不同增氧滴灌方式对蔬菜生长生理指标的影响

为了研究不同增氧方式对盆栽小白菜生长生理指标的影响,以小白菜为供试作物,采用盆栽地下滴灌的方式,以普通地下滴灌作为对照(CK),设置循环曝气(MAI)、双氧水(H₂O₂)、纯氧扩散器曝气(OC)及射流振荡器曝气(FO)4个增氧灌溉处理.结果表明,增氧地下滴灌显著提高了土壤呼吸速率,处理MAI,OC和FO较对照处理分别增大了65.87%,66.79%和111.62%.增氧地下滴灌促进了小白菜的根系生长、光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,进而提高了小白菜的物质量积累和产量.与对照相比,处理MAI的地下部鲜质量增大了42.03%,地下部干质量增大了79.85%;处理MAI,H₂O₂,OC和FO的光合速率分别增大了868.62%,794.14%,778.67%和650.19%;处理MAI,H₂O₂和OC的气孔导度较CK增大了157.14%,128.57%和85.71%,蒸腾速率增大了55.61%,32.38%和19.58%;处理MAI和H₂O₂的产量分别增大了56.36%和38.72%.综上,增氧地下滴灌可增强小白菜根区的土壤呼吸作用,改善光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,提高了产量及水分利用效率.其中,循环曝气处理的改善效果最为显著.     

人参皂苷和多糖对肺肠功能影响研究进展

消化和呼吸功能是畜牧养殖过程中面临的两大问题,其会严重影响畜牧业经济效益。作为人参主要功能性成分,人参总皂苷和人参多糖在肺肠功能调节方面具有较好效果。本文总结了近年来人参总皂苷和人参多糖对肺肠功能调节的研究情况,以期为其在畜牧生产应用方面提供参考。     

The impact of supplementation with Rhagodia preissii and Atriplex nummularia on wool production,mineral balance and enteric methane emissions of Merino sheep

The Australian perennial shrubs, oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) and rhagodia (Rhagodia preissii), can complement the diets of sheep grazing moderate‐quality cereal residues. We compared liveweight change, organic matter digestibility, nitrogen and mineral balance, wool growth and methane emissions of Merino wethers offered oaten hay (OMD 622 g kg^?1 DM; N 9.74 g kg^?1 DM) with and without shrub biomass (substituted at 25% of OM). Diets were fed at restricted levels for 1 month. Substituting hay with shrub biomass significantly decreased liveweight loss, increased clean wool growth and increased apparent absorption of phosphorus compared to the hay alone. Substitution of hay with both saltbush and rhagodia led to over 23% greater clean wool growth. Nitrogen balance and apparent digestion of organic matter, calcium and magnesium did not vary significantly between animals on the diets. Wethers on the rhagodia and hay diets had similar enteric methane emissions, while animals offered the saltbush diet had significantly higher emissions (L/OM intake). When methane is expressed in terms of wool growth, animals on the rhagodia diet produced 26% less methane for every gram of wool.     

不同类型地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨不同类型地膜覆盖下农田土壤酶活性变化特征，试验设置普通地膜覆盖（P）、渗水地膜覆盖（SS）、生物降解地膜覆盖（SW）和光降解地膜覆盖（G）4种不同类型地膜覆盖模式，以露地不铺膜覆盖（CK）为对照，研究不同类型地膜覆盖方式对玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：SS、G、SW和P 4种覆膜处理下的碱性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶在各个生育期内都较CK高，而覆膜之后的脲酶、过氧化氢酶和亚硝酸还原酶则较CK有所降低；大喇叭口期的土壤脲酶活性最高，不同处理间表现为CK > G > SW > SS > P；收获期的土壤碱性磷酸酶活性最高，SS、SW、P和G处理在0~20 cm土层较CK增幅分别为16.17%、18.97%、16.34%和14.56%，土壤硝酸还原酶活性也是收获期最高，SS、SW、P和G处理在0~20 cm土层分别较CK高68.57%、42.86%、42.86%和25.71%；土壤碱性磷酸酶与硝酸还原酶活性的变化均与土壤呼吸率和玉米产量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），各个生育期的土壤水热和施肥状况不同也会引起土壤酶活性的相应变化。其中，SW和SS处理在玉米生育前期的保温保墒作用最明显，产量最高，相应的碱性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性也最高。因此，生物降解地膜由于其降解特性能达到缓解农田残膜污染的效果，在未来可替代普通地膜推荐应用到旱地玉米中。     

间伐对油松人工林碳储量的长期影响

间伐不仅能改变人工林林木生长状况,还会影响整个森林碳储量,研究间伐对人工林碳固存的长期影响,有助于准确评价人工林的碳汇功能,为人工林的科学经营管理提供参考。2016年8月,以黄土高原森林区营造于1962年,间伐于1985年的4种(强度间伐、中度间伐、轻度间伐、对照)油松人工林为对象,保留密度分别为800,1 500,2 200,2 900株/hm~2,研究了间伐对油松人工林不同植被层、叶凋落物、粗木质残体和土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明:轻度和中度间伐下油松人工林系统碳储量较对照显著提高了28.54%和21.33%,强度间伐碳储量(154.66t/hm~2)与对照(169.26t/hm~2)无显著差异。乔木层是油松人工林的主要碳库,占人工林总碳储量的64.85%~74.62%。不同处理下乔木层树干碳储量所占比例最高(52.05%~56.43%),树根和树枝次之(22.27%~22.60%和17.73%~18.32%),树叶最低(3.56%~7.01%)。中度和强度间伐下在提高林下灌草多样性的同时,总的灌草碳储量分别比对照高24.27%和25.24%。间伐显著降低了叶凋落物碳储量,其中,强度间伐下的叶凋落物只有对照的48.15%。土壤碳库的变化主要是由土壤表层0—20cm有机碳变动所引起,中度和强度间伐土壤表层碳储量较对照分别减少了17.68%和33.76%,而轻度间伐(51.23t/hm~2)与对照(50.96t/hm~2)无显著差异。土壤表层碳储量与植物多样性和基础呼吸呈显著负相关。轻度和中度间伐有助于森林生态系统碳固定,其中轻度间伐不仅有利于地上植被碳固定,而且还有助于土壤碳库的维持。     

Converting conventional agriculture to poplar bioenergy crops: soil greenhouse gas flux

Conversion of agricultural fields to bioenergy crops can affect greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Soil GHG emissions were measured seasonally in poplar bioenergy and agricultural fields at three Northwestern US locations. A forest stand was also used at one location for comparison. A portable gas analyzer was used to measure CO₂ efflux and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were first measured with chambers and later with gradients. Agricultural soil had 17% larger CO₂ efflux rates than poplar soil. Chamber fluxes showed no differences in CH₄ uptake but did show higher N₂O fluxes in poplar than agricultural soil. Gradient CH₄ uptake rates were highest in agricultural soil in the summer but showed no N₂O flux differences. Forest soils had smaller quarterly CO₂ efflux rates than agricultural soils and greater CH₄ uptake rates than poplar soils. The largest GHG contributor to soil GHG flux was CO₂, with those being ～1000 times larger than CH₄ flux rates and ～500 times larger than N₂O flux rates based on CO₂ equivalences. Converting conventional agricultural cropland to poplar bioenergy production does not have adverse effects on soil greenhouse gas flux and these results could be useful for modeling or life cycle analysis of land use conversion.     

Rapid salinity changes affect the survival and physiology of a penaeid prawn: Implications of flood events on recruitment to the fishery

Estuaries act as nurseries for many penaeid prawns, but these habitats are highly susceptible to salinity decline through flooding. The rate of salinity decline and duration of exposure to non‐optimal salinity may affect survival and subsequent recruitment of prawns to the fishery. This study aimed to determine the effect of salinity fluctuations observed in local estuaries during flood events using a novel dilution approach. Mortality of juvenile Melicertus plebejus (Hess) was assessed after 24 hr exposure to 24 rates of salinity decline ranging from 0.01% to 20% per hr. After the salinity decline, prawns were held at the final salinities for five days before again assessing mortality as well as aerobic metabolic rate and prawn water content. Salinity decline from 36 to ~0.8 led to 50% mortality, but continued exposure to low salinity for five days increased mortality at this salinity to 99% and shifted the 50% mortality point to salinity ~5. Aerobic metabolic rate and water content data suggested the cause of mortality due to exposure to salinities < 5 was osmoregulatory failure. Rapid salinity declines over 24 hr and sustained low salinity due to flooding could compromise the survival of juvenile prawns, potentially reducing recruitment to the fishery.     

长期定位耕作方式下冬小麦田根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

为探讨长期定位耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸的影响，研究根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献，基于设在山东农业大学农学实验站的长期保护性耕作定位试验（始于2002年），包括常规秸秆还田（PC）、免耕秸秆还田（PZ）、深松秸秆还田（PS）和旋耕秸秆还田（PR）4种处理，采用静态箱法测定和分析麦田土壤呼吸及水热因子，并利用根去除法研究根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献。结果表明，不同耕作方式下根系呼吸与土壤呼吸的变化趋势相同，即在冬小麦整个生育期内，土壤呼吸与根系呼吸速率均呈“低-高-低”的趋势。各处理之间的土壤呼吸速率差异显著，与PC相比，PZ、PS、PR的土壤呼吸速率分别降低37.2%、17.0%、15.4%，PC、PZ、PR的根系呼吸速率较PS相比分别下降了9.4%、24.3%、22.4%。在冬小麦生育期内，根系呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例呈双峰型，比例波动为21.7%~82.0%，均值为49.1%，总体表现为PZ > PS > PR > PC。土壤呼吸与10 cm土层地温呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），而与土壤湿度未达到显著相关。研究表明，与PC相比，长期定位耕作方式中PZ和PS可以降低麦田的土壤呼吸速率，减少麦田土壤的碳排放，并且可以提高根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献，其中PS的根系呼吸速率最高，更有利于作物的生长。     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.