Suitability of common models to estimate hydrology and diffuse water pollution in North-eastern German lowland catchments with intensive agricultural land use

Various process-based models are extensively being used to analyze and forecast catchment hydrology and water quality. However, it is always important to select the appropriate hydrological and water quality modeling tools to predict and analyze the watershed and also consider their strengths and weaknesses. Different factors such as data availability, hydrological, hydraulic, and water quality processes and their desired level of complexity are crucial for selecting a plausible modeling tool. This review is focused on suitable model selection with a focus on desired hydrological, hydraulic and water quality processes (nitrogen fate and transport in surface, subsurface and groundwater bodies) by keeping in view the typical lowland catchments with intensive agricultural land use, higher groundwater tables, and decreased retention times due to the provision of artificial drainage. In this study, four different physically based, partially and fully distributed integrated water modeling tools, SWAT (soil and water assessment tool), SWIM (soil and water integrated model), HSPF (hydrological simulation program– FORTRAN) and a combination of tools from DHI (MIKE SHE coupled with MIKE 11 and ECO Lab), have been reviewed particularly for the Tollense River catchment located in North-eastern Germany. DHI combined tools and SWAT were more suitable for simulating the desired hydrological processes, but in the case of river hydraulics and water quality, the DHI family of tools has an edge due to their integrated coupling between MIKE SHE, MIKE 11 and ECO Lab. In case of SWAT, it needs to be coupled with another tool to model the hydraulics in the Tollense River as SWAT does not include backwater effects and provision of control structures. However, both SWAT and DHI tools are more data demanding in comparison to SWIM and HSPF. For studying nitrogen fate and transport in unsaturated, saturated, and river zone, HSPF was a better model to simulate the desired nitrogen transformation and transport processes. However, for nitrogen dynamics and transformations in shallow streams, ECO Lab had an edge due its flexibility for inclusion of user-desired water quality parameters and processes. In the case of SWIM, most of the input data and governing equations are similar to SWAT but it does not include water bodies (ponds and lakes), wetlands and drainage systems. In this review, only the processes that were needed to simulate the Tollense River catchment were considered, however the resulted model selection criteria can be generalized to other lowland catchments in Australia, North-western Europe and North America with similar complexity.     

Simulation of land use impacts on groundwater levels and streamflow in a Virginia watershed

Increase in withdrawal and decrease in recharge of groundwater due to urbanization influences subsurface flow regimes. The overall objective of this study was to determine the impact of land development activities on the subsurface flow regime in the Upper Roanoke River Watershed (URRW). A regional groundwater model of the URRW was constructed using Modular Three-Dimensional Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW) and calibrated for steady-state conditions. Then, eight land use management scenarios were simulated on the Back Creek (BC) subwatershed to assess the impacts of residential density, residential location, and land-cover on hydraulic head of groundwater and streamflow. The average recharge output from the Hydrological Simulation Program, FORTRAN (HSPF) simulation was used as the direct input to MODFLOW to take changes in land use into account in the BC watershed. Development of agriculture and forest areas with low-population density on larger area (low-density scenario), near the middle of the watershed (mid-section scenario), and with changes all open space to lawn (lawn scenario) had greatest overall impact on the BC watershed for both hydraulic head and streamflow among density, location, and land-cover scenarios, respectively. The simulated scenarios indicated that decreases in both hydraulic head and streamflow coincided with the increases in impervious land. The reductions in hydraulic head and streamflow were restricted to the subwatershed where land use changes occurred. The urbanization impacts on both surface and subsurface regimes were very local with 20.8 cm of maximum difference in local hydraulic head and 0.532% of maximum percent difference in local streamflow at lawn scenario while average corresponding values through BC watershed was 4.3 cm and 0.153%, respectively. Use of a fully distributed surface model in a dynamic manner was recommended to solve the inconsistencies in the spatial and temporal scale of surface and groundwater models. However, the proposed approach can be used as a management and planning tool for evaluating the local and overall impacts of land use management on the surface and subsurface flow regimes.     

HSPF在热带沿海流域水文模拟中的应用

[目的] 探究HSPF模型在热带沿海流域的适用性和不确定性，为该模型在不同流域和地区的应用提供科学参考。[方法] 以位于热带沿海地区的三亚河流域为例，建立HSPF模型，选取2017-2019年径流量对模型进行率定和验证；通过Morris筛选法分析了水文过程中8个参数的敏感度，并与国内外研究不同流域的参数敏感度相对大小进行对比；同时利用MC-LHS方法对不同降雨量下模型的不确定性进行分析。[结果] HSPF模型能够很好地模拟研究区域实际的水文过程，率定期和验证期的NSE分别为0.93和0.98，相对误差（R_e）分别为0.87%和0.21%；地下水日消退系数为最敏感参数，而下层土壤蒸发系数和地下水出流中进入深层的比例对径流模拟的影响几乎可以忽略。[结论] 参数敏感度相对大小体现空间差异性。模型模拟的不确定性与降雨量之间的相关性明显。降雨量越大，模型模拟的不确定性和置信区间就越大，模型就越不稳定。     

不同气候模式对密云水库流域非点源污染负荷的影响

以密云水库流域内4个气象站1961-2000年40 a的气象特征分析结果为基础,采用统计分析和线性回归的方法,预测流域气候变化趋势,采用任意情景设置法设定25种气候情景(5种温度变化和5种降雨变化的组合情景)和3个水文情景年(丰、平、枯水年)。利用HSPF(hydrologic simulation program-fortran)模型模拟密云水库流域不同气候变化情景下径流量和非点源污染物负荷量的变化情况。结果表明:1)增加20%降雨,能增加73.4%的径流量,而减少20%降雨会减少56.3%的径流,而气温变化对径流和水质负荷影响不是很明显;2)总氮和总磷负荷随径流增加而增大,总磷负荷对径流变化更加敏感,降雨增加20%,总氮和总磷负荷分别增加约70.8%和78.3%;而减少20%降雨,会使得总氮和总磷负荷分别减少约55.3%和57.2%;3)从水文年对比来看,潮河流域丰水年径流量是枯水年的3.1倍,总氮、总磷负荷则分别是枯水年的2.9倍、3.5倍,白河流域丰水年径流量是枯水年的4.6倍,总氮、总磷负荷则分别是枯水年的5.6倍、8.5倍,且年内非点源污染负荷主要集中在汛期,高风险区主要分布在怀柔区、延庆县、滦平县以及密云县,需要对其采取对应的措施来控制非点源污染的影响。     

小流域非点源污染模拟与仿真研究——以HSPF模型在西丽水库流域应用为例

流域范围非点源污染的环境影响评价是流域水环境管理的基础，模拟仿真研究可为削减非点源污染负荷提供必要的政策依据。在简要介绍了HSPF模型的基本结构的基础上，应用HSPF模型模拟了2000年、2004年7月至2005年6月深圳西丽水库流域水量和水质的连续动态变化。采用ArcGIS软件进行流域划分，通过野外监测完成数据采集，根据河流出口断面流量和污染物浓度校准与验证模型，最终输出流入水库的SS、TN和TP的总负荷量与非点源负荷量，并通过判决系数、Nash-Sutcliffe系数等考察模拟值与实测值的吻合程度。研究结果表明，非点源污染是造成水库水质污染的主要原因，果树施肥是水库N、P污染的主要来源，减少化肥使用量可以使非点源污染负荷明显降低。     

HSPF模型水文水质参数敏感性分析

参数敏感性分析是模型不确定性量化的重要环节,有助于对关键参数的识别,减少参数的不确定性影响,进而提高参数优化效率。以太湖地区典型小流域为研究区,采用扰动分析法对HSPF模型水文模块、泥沙模块以及氮磷输移等水文、水质模拟过程的参数进行了敏感性分析。研究结果显示:水文模块选取的17个参数中有7个敏感:UZSN、INFILT、AGWRC对径流的敏感级别为Ⅲ类,LZSN、DEEPFR、INTFW、IRC敏感级别为Ⅱ类。泥沙透水地面模块选取的9个参数中,KSER、KGER、JGER为Ⅲ类敏感参数,JSER为Ⅳ类敏感参数;不透水地面模块选取的4个参数中,KEIM、JEIM、ACCSDP对泥沙产量的敏感级别为Ⅲ类;河道模块选取的5个参数中,KSAND、EXPSND为Ⅲ类敏感参数,TAUCS、TAUCD为Ⅱ类敏感参数。总氮模拟选取了23个参数分析敏感性,其中WSQOP、SQOLIM、MON-GRND-CONC为Ⅳ类敏感参数,KATM20、MON-IFLW-CONC为Ⅲ类敏感参数,TCNIT、PHYSET、MALGR敏感级别为Ⅱ类。磷素输移模拟选取了12个参数,MON-GRND-CONC敏感级别为Ⅲ类,MON-POTFW、MON-IFLW-CONC、MALGR、PHYSET敏感级别为Ⅱ类。研究结果对于开展基于HSPF模型的流域水文水质研究工作参数的选取具有一定的参考价值,尤其对于太湖周边地区众多低山丘陵小流域进行HSPF模型水文水质模拟时敏感性参数的选取具有借鉴意义。     

晋江西溪流域土地利用变化的输沙响应

[目的]对晋江西溪流域不同子流域的产沙情况进行模拟与分析,并模拟单一土地利用类型对输沙量的影响,为晋江流域水资源质量改善提供科学支撑。[方法]构建流域月产沙的HSPF(hydrological simulation program in fortran)模型,分析实际情况下的产沙情况,模拟园地、耕地和林地3种不同极端土地利用情景对流域输沙量的影响。[结果]①月泥沙的相关系数(R~2)、Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数(Ens)、相对误差(R_e)在率定期分别为0.849,0.789和-5.720%,在验证期分别为0.836,0.837和10.790%,模型具有较高的精度;②年平均产沙量较高的地区主要分布在园地和耕地比例相对较高区域;③从年尺度上看,园地、耕地和林地情景的输沙量与基期相比变化情况分别为23.56%,20.39%和-17.42%。从月尺度上看,所有情景在丰水期的输沙量都大于枯水期,其中5月和7月3种土地利用情景的输沙量表现为:耕地园地林地,6月和8月3种土地利用情景的输沙量表现为:园地耕地林地;④山地茶果园不合理开发和坡耕地比重较大且没有采取合适的水土保持措施是园地和耕地情景年输沙量上升的主要原因,林地遭受破坏且林种结构不合理是林地情景降低输沙量有限的主要原因。[结论] HSPF模型在流域输沙量模拟中具有较高精度;研究区园地和耕地导致输沙量上升,林地可降低输沙量但降低幅度有限。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药环境行为与归趋模拟

本文以氯氰菊酯为主要研究对象,类比林冠截持降雨模型模拟农药施撒时的初始分配,参考降雨对叶面孢子的冲刷建立降雨量与农药叶面冲刷率的关系,在野外监测数据的基础上估算降解参数,成功模拟了单次降雨过程中氯氰菊酯的迁移与动态分布过程。在对单场降雨模拟的基础中,进一步考虑农药在土壤各相间的分布、溶解态和泥沙吸附态农药在地表水中的迁移过程,在长时间尺度上模拟了表层土壤中和植物叶面上农药含量的变化规律,估算溶解态和泥沙吸附态农药在地表径流中的迁移通量,预测了不同施药条件下农药在多介质环境中的迁移通量和环境介质内农药含量的动态变化过程。