不同土层复配方案对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机质的影响

为探究“治沟造地”重大工程项目（GLCP）中新增耕地快速改良的方法，达到营造良好土壤、提升新增耕地生产能力的目的，以延安羊圈沟流域的GLCP为背景，利用马兰黄土（ML）和红黏土（RC）对新造耕地0~30 cm土层进行复配试验。结果表明：当RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm（T3处理）时，复配层土壤孔隙度较对照处理增加了16.7%，容重下降了11.1%。与对照组相比，T3处理0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（W_0.25）显著增加，分别增加了11.8、12.3倍和27.9倍；T2（RC为25 cm、ML为5 cm）、T3处理更利于大团聚体的形成，较对照组除在0.25~0.5、0.5~1 mm的粒级有较大增加外，在2~5 mm和>5 mm粒径范围也有明显增加。0~20 cm土层中，即使在考虑对照组前期土壤有机质积累的情况下，T3处理的土壤有机质也与对照组相近甚至更高，且高于其他试验组，表现出更好的有机质赋存能力。T3处理的玉米生长状况较好，其地上生物量最高，较对照组提高了23.9%。研究表明，当复配土壤RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm时，土壤具有最佳的性状和生产力。试验初步证明土层复配是一种可行的快速营造高质量土壤的方法，该方法可为GLCP新造地的改良及类似土地整治工程的实施提供实践参考。     

陕北黄土区切沟内陷穴发育特征研究

通过对陕北黄土区六道沟流域切沟内陷穴进行调查和统计分析,探讨陷穴的发育形态、分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:陷穴主要形态类型有浅碟形、漏斗形、竖井状以及葫芦状,其断面形态接近于圆形或椭圆形,陷穴形态规模相对偏小,处于成熟期的比例达72.8%;陷穴长轴、短轴和深度之间均具有显著的正相关关系,其中长轴和短轴之间具有较好的线性关系;陷穴主要发育位置为沟道中上游及支沟沟头处,多与黄土桥和跌水相伴而生;切沟为陷穴的形成和发育提供了条件,陷穴亦可促进切沟进一步发展。上述结果完善了切沟内陷穴的发生发育特点和空间分布特征,为深入认识陷穴侵蚀机理,进一步研究陷穴侵蚀状况、陷穴与切沟发育关系以及区域水土流失治理等提供了基础。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式对沟谷地土壤碳氮磷元素的影响

选取黄土丘陵区3种代表性植被恢复模式的沟谷地样地:人工刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林沟谷地(G-Rp),人工柠条(Caragana korshinskii)灌丛沟谷地(G-Ck)和天然草地沟谷地(G-Ng)。通过分析沟谷地5个坡位样带的土壤样品,评价了不同植被恢复模式对沟谷地土壤碳氮磷元素的影响。结果表明:3种植被恢复模式对沟谷地土壤有机碳和全氮的含量及储量具有显著的改善作用,对土壤全磷含量及储量略有减少的影响,其中柠条灌丛沟谷地土壤磷相对于对照(坡耕地)减少达显著差异(P0.05);土壤碳氮磷的含量及储量在沟谷地的空间分布存在显著差异(P0.05),总体呈由上到下递增趋势(除G-Rp沟底);沟谷地土壤碳氮元素间呈正向和极显著的线性相关关系(P0.0001)。在黄土丘陵区沟谷地地貌单元实施植被恢复,可显著地提高沟谷地土壤的碳汇和氮素储量。     

黄土高塬沟壑区道路排水沟侵蚀产沙试验

为给黄土高塬沟壑区道路排水沟水土流失测算及其防护提供科学依据,采用野外原位放水冲刷试验方法,在放水流量10~50 L·min~(-1)和坡度4°~10°条件下,对土质道路裸露排水沟和植被排水沟的侵蚀产沙规律进行试验研究。结果表明:放水流量和坡度增大,裸露和植被排水沟的径流含沙量和土壤剥蚀率均成倍数增大,与放水流量呈显著指数函数关系;同一试验条件下,裸露排水沟的径流含沙量和土壤剥蚀率分别是植被排水沟的1.3~1.7倍和1.4~2.2倍。放水流量和坡度对裸露排水沟径流含沙量的影响较为接近,而植被排水沟径流含沙量主要受放水流量影响;不论裸露还是植被排水沟,放水流量对土壤剥蚀率的影响都远大于坡度。     

基于LSTM神经网络模拟的陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量变化

为分析陇中黄土高原沟壑区不同保护性耕作措施的贮水效果，本研究利用春小麦/豌豆（W/P）、豌豆/春小麦（P/W）轮作的长期定位试验，分别设置传统耕作（T）、免耕（NT）、传统耕作秸秆覆盖（TS）和免耕覆盖（NTS）4种耕作措施，以当地月平均气温、月降水量、月平均辐射量、月平均蒸发量、月作物耗水量为输入因子，以月土壤贮水量为输出，建立基于长短期记忆（Long Short-Term Memory，LSTM）神经网络的土壤贮水量预测模型，并对该模型的有效性进行评估。研究结果表明：1）基于LSTM神经网络建立的土壤贮水量模型对陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量预测具有较好的适用性，模型模拟结果的平均均方根误差为7.76 mm，平均绝对误差为6.95 mm，相对误差控制在-5%~+5%的范围内。2） P/W轮作序列中各处理的土壤贮水量均比W/P轮作序列增加1.09%~1.43%。3）不同轮作序列，NTS处理的贮水效果均优于其他3种耕作措施，在W/P轮作序列中，NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加2.89%、1.70%和2.46%；在P/W轮作序列中，NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加3.03%、1.91%和2.57%。4）不同降水年型，NTS处理的土壤贮水量最高，且干旱年效果更加显著，其中丰水年NTS处理的土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS平均增加2.71%、1.48%和2.19%，而干旱年平均增加3.97%、2.54%和3.64%。5）保护性耕作措施的贮水效果随季节发生变化，作物生长前期（3-5月）保护性耕作措施的贮水优势较为明显，进入作物生长旺盛期（5-6月）保护性耕作措施与传统耕作的贮水效果差异不显著，而作物生长后期（7月）保护性耕作措施较传统耕作土壤贮水量明显增加。基于LSTM神经网络模拟环境下免耕覆盖的贮水保墒效果最好，为陇中黄土高原沟壑区最适宜的保护性耕作措施。     

黄土高原沟壑区土地整治工程环境影响及保护对策

以陕西澄城荒草地开发为例,分析了黄土高原沟壑区土地整治项目中的土地平整、农田水利、田间道路、林网和电力工程实施对环境要素的影响机理、过程和结果,发现工程实施对土壤环境、水环境、大气环境、生物(生态)环境、社会经济环境等产生的主要负面环境影响评价。根据分析,提出土地整治中要基于建设生态文明要求,遵循生物多样性、土地多功能性、环境生态性等原则和景观生态学理念,提升土地整治内涵,采取必需的环保措施以及有效改进的工程技术手段,使土地整治与生态环境保护有机融合,促进生态国土的可持续发展。     

The impact of environmental change on the intensity and spatial pattern of water erosion in a semi-arid mountainous Andean environment

Aerial photographs taken in 1976 and 1989 and a field survey in 1999 showed that land use in a 900-ha catchment in the southern part of the Ecuadorian Andes is highly dynamic. Over 23 years, ca. 83 ha of arable land was abandoned and ca. 70 ha was taken into agricultural production. Changes in land use were not spatially homogeneous. Parcels on unstable geologic formations and close to village centres were preferably set-aside. Land taken into cultivation was preferably located on gently sloping areas close to newly built sites and arterial roads. The area with bush vegetation increased by regeneration of natural vegetation on fields set-aside in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There was a complex interaction between water erosion and environmental change in the study area. Land taken into production was levelled for furrow irrigation: this led to a net reduction in the area susceptible to water erosion. However, one quarter of the area affected only by sheet and rill erosion 23 years ago has since become incised by deep gullies. This increase in gully density was related to inadequate construction and management of irrigation infrastructure, rather than to change in vegetation cover and/or soil erodibility caused by agricultural practices. This factor is often overlooked in studies of the effects of environmental change on geomorphologic processes.     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区治理中生态私有对策实证分析——以榆林市佳县梁家岔村为例

通过对榆林丘陵沟壑区的实地考察和调研,在对本区的生态环境现状和成因分析的基础上,对治理中存在的问题进行了分析。从生态私有的战略意义、环境意义、经济意义和社会意义等方面阐述了其必要性;并具体分析了农户户主的文化程度、户均人数等人口素质与人均收入的定量关系,对生态私有的可行性进行了说明。对于陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的综合治理具有一定的借鉴意义。     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕还林对粮食安全的影响——以榆林市米脂县为例

以榆林市米脂县为例,选择最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数模型对其退耕还林工程实施前后的粮食生产进行了对比分析;以1995~2005年的统计数据为基础,运用GM(1,1)模型预测了该县2010年的粮食供需前景。研究结果表明:与退耕前相比,米脂县的最小人均耕地面积减少了25.15%,耕地压力指数增加了7.99%;粮食供需预测显示,2010年米脂县粮食总供给量为42522 t,当人均粮食需求量分别为190kg、230kg、260kg时,粮食总需求量为39847 t、48236 t、54527 t,粮食盈余率为6.29%、-13.44%、-28.23%。这说明在低的需求下,目前退耕还林工程没有对该县的粮食安全构成较大威胁,但随着需求水平提高粮食安全威胁迅速加大。因此,决不能对粮食安全放松警惕,并据此提出了保证未来粮食安全的有效途径。