Evaluation on the fitness and population projection of Nilaparvata lugens in response to elevated CO2 using two-sex life table

Abstract

The life history and fitness of Nilaparvata lugens being reared under ambient level (current CO₂ concentration), medially elevated (550?µL/L) and highly elevated (750?µL/L) CO₂ concentration for long-term generation were compared using two-sex life table instead of traditional age-specific life table. The results showed that significantly longer larval duration and lower fecundity of N. lugens were observed in 750?µL/L relative to 550?µL/L treatment (P?<?0.05). Accordingly, 550?µL/L CO₂ significantly enhanced population parameters of N. lugens, including significantly higher intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and net reproductive rate (R_O), but not for 750?µL/L CO₂. Taken together, N. lugens performs enhanced development rate, fecundity and survival in individual life history and higher potential in population multiplication under 550?µL/L CO₂ level, while only indicates the less enhanced development rate and survival without significant increased capacity of population expansion under 750?µL/L CO₂ level. These results should facilitate predicting the fitness and potential population damage of N. lugens, which is valuable for the integrated control of N. lugens in the future increasing CO₂ concentration.     

不同温度下褐带卷蛾茧蜂实验种群生命表

为了探索温度对褐带卷蛾茧蜂Bracon adoxophyesi发育和繁殖的影响,研究了该蜂在6种温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,褐带卷蛾茧蜂各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,在36℃下产卵前期略高于32℃下的产卵前期,说明温度过高或者过低均不利于卵巢发育。随温度降低,其世代历期显著延长,说明低温会显著抑制该蜂发育。各虫态的发育速率与温度的关系符合Logistic模型。该寄生蜂产卵前期的发育起点温度高于其他阶段的发育起点温度。在24℃下单雌产卵量最高,为619.86粒,16℃和36℃下的产卵量最低,分别为139.60粒和154.43粒。在24、28和32℃时,其种群趋势指数分别为101.78、74.25和73.41,在36℃和16℃时,其种群趋势指数较低,说明温度过高或者过低均不利于其种群繁殖,且低温的影响大于高温。在24~32℃下,褐带卷蛾茧蜂的种群趋势指数较高,说明24~32℃是适宜该寄生蜂种群增长的温度范围。     

正交试验设计中正交表的特点及正交的意义浅析

通过正交试验设计可以大大减少试验次数,得到不同因素水平的最优组合,从而确定合理的试验方案及工艺条件等,因此在科学研究中应用非常广泛。为了更深入地理解正交试验设计方法,以表和图的形式对正交试验设计的特点进行了详细分析;对正交性的意义、体现从向量信息不相关及向量内积计算的角度进行详细的分析及解释,以期为广大师生的学习及应用提供一定的帮助。     

不同地下水埋深土壤水分入渗规律研究

【目的】分析农田土水势的分布对作物的生长状况和农田水分循环的影响。【方法】采用观测室内层状长土柱(土柱长L=335 cm)在上边界条件为薄层积水、下边界控制不同地下水埋深时的水分入渗及蒸发过程的试验,分析了不同地下水埋深时土水势与零通量面的变化特征。【结果】入渗率随时间总的变化趋势是减小,入渗率随时间的变化一般经历3个阶段:迅速减小、缓慢减小和稳定阶段;累积入渗量随时间增加,与时间呈幂拟合关系;入渗初始阶段湿润锋运移速率较快,之后随着时间的推移,湿润锋运移速率逐渐减小,至某一时间后趋于稳定。【结论】湿润锋运移距离与时间的平方根呈线性关系     

Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

In order to investigate the effects of artificial diets on the population growth of root maggot Bradysia impatiens, its population growth parameters were assayed on eight artificial diets (Diet 1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Results showed that developmental duration from egg to pupa was successfully completed on all eight artificial diets. However, the egg to pupal duration was shortest, while the survival rate of four insect stages was lowest when B. impatiens was reared on D1. When B. impatiens was reared on D7 and D8, the survival rate, female longevity, and female oviposition were higher than those reared on other diets. When B. impatiens was reared on D7, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.19/d), net reproductive rate (R₀ = 39.88 offspring per individual), and finite rate of increase (λ = 1.21/d) were higher for its population growth with shorter generation time (T = 19.49 d) and doubling time (Dt = 3.67 d). The findings indicate that the D7 artificial diet is more appropriate for the biological parameters of B. impatiens and can be used an indoor breeding food for population expansion as well as further research. We propose that vitamin C supplement added to the D7 is critical for the improvement of the B. impatiens growth.     

草地贪夜蛾对小麦和玉米的产卵选择性及其种群生命表

为明确草地贪夜蛾对小麦的产卵选择性及其是否对小麦安全生产构成威胁,本研究以玉米和小麦作为测试寄主,比较分析了草地贪夜蛾对两种作物不同部位的产卵选择性,并利用两性生命表方法研究了取食小麦、玉米对其生命参数的影响。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾更喜欢在玉米上产卵,其在玉米、小麦叶片、玉米和小麦茎秆上的产卵量存在显著差异(df=102,F=15.593,P<0.05),以玉米叶片背面卵块数量(7.11±1.55)块/笼最高;草地贪夜蛾取食小麦可以完成生活史,但幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率和世代存活率低于取食玉米。取食玉米的幼虫发育历期为(16.31±0.15)d,显著高于取食小麦的(14.66±0.12)d,蛹期、蛹重、产卵前期、成虫寿命和世代周期无显著差异。取食小麦羽化出的雌虫寿命、平均单雌产卵量显著高于取食玉米,分别为(16.39±0.40)d、(976.31±57.21)粒和(14.64±0.32)d、(831.57±30.55)粒。生命表参数显示取食玉米的净增殖率为363.14,显著高于小麦的258.63,但内禀增长率、周限增长率和平均世代周期无显著差异。研究结果为草地贪夜蛾在小麦上的预测预报和有效防控提供了基础数据。     

温度对稻螟赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的生长发育和寄生潜能的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确不同温度下稻螟赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的生长发育状况及寄生潜能。【方法】分别在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、33℃下,编制了吉林稻螟赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的生命表,根据不同温度下稻螟赤眼蜂的发育历期、发育速率计算世代发育起点温度、世代有效积温,并采用线性回归模型对发育速率进行拟合。【结果】稻螟赤眼蜂平均单雌寄生米蛾卵数随着温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,30℃时最高,达29.75粒,除与25℃下无显著差异外,均显著高于其他温度;雌蜂平均寿命随温度升高而下降,15℃时寿命显著长于其他温度,当温度高于30℃时,其寿命均短于0.82d;25℃时,稻螟赤眼蜂羽化率最高,达98.14%;15℃时,羽化率最低,只有67.96%。稻螟赤眼蜂的发育速率与温度呈显著线性关系,其发育起点温度为11.49℃,世代有效积温为131.39℃·d。【结论】利用米蛾卵繁殖稻螟赤眼蜂时,温度对其有显著影响,综合生命表参数、单雌寄生米蛾卵数、雌蜂寿命、羽化率等指标,提高利用米蛾卵工厂化繁殖稻螟赤眼蜂的最佳温度为25℃~30℃。     

三种猎物对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究取食不同猎物对异色瓢虫实验种群动态的影响,本文利用生命表技术研究了桃蚜、豆蚜和豌豆修尾蚜对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,异色瓢虫取食豌豆修尾蚜的整个成虫前期历时最长,为20.20d,雌虫寿命最短,为51.70d,单雌产卵量最低,为704.00粒;而取食豆蚜的成虫前期历时最短,为17.89d,雌虫寿命最长,为69.87d,单雌产卵量最高,为1 175.48粒;取食桃蚜的异色瓢虫各生物学参数与取食豆蚜的结果相类似。根据取食不同猎物异色瓢虫各发育阶段的存活率和成虫的繁殖力,组建了生殖力生命表,发现取食豌豆修尾蚜的内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)和周限增长率(λ)最低,分别为0.006、300.312和1.123;取食豆蚜和桃蚜的rm、R0和λ均高于取食豌豆修尾蚜的结果。综合试验结果和实际饲养情况,豆蚜可作为饲养异色瓢虫更适宜的食物。     

Effect of climate change on Spodoptera litura Fab. on peanut: A life table approach

Investigations were conducted to understand the direct effects of rising temperature and the host-mediated effects of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). This study involved i. the construction of life tables of S. litura at six constant temperatures viz., 20, 25, 27, 30, 33 and 35°C ± 0.5 °C reared on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown under eCO₂ (550 ppm) concentration in open top chambers ii. Estimation of threshold temperatures and thermal constants and iii. Prediction of the pest scenarios during near and distant future climate change periods. Significantly lower leaf nitrogen, higher carbon and a higher relative proportion of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) were observed in peanut foliage grown under eCO₂ over ambient CO₂ (aCO₂). The mean development time (days) of each stage, egg, larva, pupa, pre-oviposition and total life span decreased from 20 to 35 °C temperature on eCO₂ foliage. The thermal requirement of S. litura from egg to egg (within the range of 20 °C–35 °C) was 538.5 DD on eCO₂ as against 494.5 DD on aCO₂ foliage. Finite (λ) and intrinsic rates of increase (r_m), net reproductive rate (R_o), mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) of S. litura varied significantly with temperature and CO₂ and were found to have quadratic relationships with temperature. The present results on life table parameters estimated by the bootstrap technique showed that the ‘r_m’ values of S. litura on eCO₂ foliage were higher than those in the literature indicating a significant influence of eCO₂. The reduction of ‘T’ was noticed from a maximum of 50 days at 20 °C to minimum of 22 days at 35 °C and ‘λ’ which is the indicator of reproductive value of new eggs was highest at 35 °C and showed a negative relationship with temperature. The data on these life table parameters were plotted against temperature and two non-linear models developed for both CO₂ conditions and used for predicting the pest scenarios. Prediction of pest scenarios based on PRECIS A1B emission scenario data at eleven peanut growing locations of the country during near future (NF) and distant future (DF) climate change periods showed an increase of ‘r_m’ and ‘λ’ with varied ‘R_o’ and reduced ‘T’. The present results indicate that temperature and CO₂ are vital in influencing the growth and life table parameters of S. litura and that pest incidence is likely to be higher in the future.