Numerical experiments of watershed-scale soil water movement and bedrock infiltration using a physical three-dimensional simulation model

Numerical experiments of soil water movement and bedrock infiltration based on a simplified simulation method were conducted to analyze watershed-scale rainfall-runoff processes. To verify the model accuracy, it was applied to a Minamitani watershed (0.45 ha). The simulation was performed with 2.5-m space grids horizontally and five cells vertically. Results of long-term calculation of this model proved that this simulation model is robust and demonstrated good computational water mass conservation. Calculation results showed the best agreement with observed hydrographs and the number of groundwater levels simultaneously when laboratory-tested soil hydraulic characteristics for topsoil were used and infiltration into bedrock was included in numerical calculations. Numerical experiments show that bedrock infiltration generated a stable base flow and suppressed the secondary discharge peak. The reproducibility achieved by observed soil hydraulic characteristics with the assumption of bedrock flow demonstrates the effectiveness of the simulation model used in this article for analyses of watershed-scale soil water movements.     

Spatiotemporal changes in terrestrial water storage in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region from GRACE satellites

The Sandstorm Source Control Project in and around the Beijing-Tianjin region was one of the most important ecological projects in China. Terrestrial water storage (TWS) has important impacts on the ecological construction, agriculture, industry, and resident’s lives. Based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, meteorological and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, etc., this paper analyzed spatiotemporal characteristics of TWS, groundwater storage, and precipitation, and explored the influencing factors of regional TWS combined with land use and land cover (LULC), social and economic data. The most important results were as follows: (1) From 2003 to 2016, TWS in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region showed a decreasing trend with a rate of 3.14 mm yr⁻¹. (2) The TWS decline was caused mainly by groundwater overexploitation, but not precipitation variation. (3) Spatiotemporal variations of TWS were related to LULC. The area with the most serious decrease of TWS was mainly located in the southwestern part of the region, where farmland percentage and population density were greater. (4) Reducing the percent of farmland and tree planting, and adding the shrub and grass planting, could be a viable choice for the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. These results provide a scientific basis for regional water resource and ecological management.     

Soil properties and their spatial pattern in an oasis on the lower reaches of the Tarim River, northwest China

In this study, classical, geostatistical methods and a geographical information system have been used to identify soil properties including soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (total N), salt content (SC) and soil moisture (SM), and their spatial variation as well as their relationships with groundwater, land use, and soil texture. The data came from 36 soil samples from 0 to 20 cm depth, and 36 groundwater samples in the Tikanlik Oasis on the lower reaches of the Tarim River, northwest China. The objective was to provide a scientific basis for understanding the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of soil properties on a large scale with the goal of accelerating the sustainable development of agriculture in the oasis. The results showed that the SC and SM of the surface soil varied greatly, but the SOC and total N varied very little. A possible reason for the low variability of SOC and total N was the relatively consistent human activities within the typical agricultural oasis with more than 75% land used as cropland and orchards, because there was no significant effect of land use types on soil total N and SOC. Geostatistical analysis and the kriging estimator showed that SC and SM had a strong spatial autocorrelation. One-way ANOVA and LSD suggested that land use was the main structural indicator that resulted in the spatial autocorrelation of SC and SM within the 0-20 cm soil depth through its significant differences in soil texture, irrigation and groundwater. In particular, croplands and orchards had significantly higher SM, silt and clay particle percentages and lower SC compared to other land uses due to regular irrigation. Additionally, irrigation could effectively relieve the degree of the hazard from soil salt and soil water stress in cropland.     

达拉特旗井灌条件下农田水利用及地下水动态分析研究

以达拉特旗壕庆河流域为研究对象,通过对该区地下水位和水质的监测及农田水利用状况的调查,摸清地下水的年动态变化规律及水质分布,初步估算该研究区农田灌溉地下水年开采量,从而为本流域的地下水资源评价及合理开发,高效利用提供一定的依据。根据数据分析结果,地下水是从西南流向东北方向,补给黄河南岸引黄灌区。观测期间地下水位年际变化受降雨的影响较大,总体呈上升趋势,变化幅度为0.5～1.5m。pH值超过8.5,呈碱性水,部分区域地下水矿化度为0.5～0.9g/L,可用于农业灌溉,随着地下水流动的方向,水质逐渐变差,下游的盐分浓度最大到2.6g/L,需要合理进行灌溉防止土壤盐碱化。通过遥感图片识别分析计算出该区农田面积为1 398hm2,农业灌溉年开采地下水量为516万m3。     

地下水埋深对棉花灌溉制度的影响

针对黑龙港流域地下水位总体趋势持续下降的现象,结合沧州市南皮县棉田的原位试验,采用HYDRUS 1D模型进行数值模拟,分析不同地下水埋深条件下,地下水对棉花根系层的补给作用对灌溉制度的影响。结果表明,当全生育期地下水平均埋深为1.5、2m时,地下水对棉花根系层的补给量相当于实验棉田0.5~1.5倍的灌水定额。由此制定3种(1.5、2、3m)地下水埋深条件下不同降水水平年的棉田灌溉制度:播前灌之后,50%水平年不再灌溉;75%水平年当地下水平均埋深为3m时,灌一次花铃水;85%水平年在地下水平均埋深为2、3m时,各灌一次花铃水。地下水补给作用对棉花根系层土壤含水率存在着不可忽视的影响,特别是当地下水埋深不超过2m时制定棉田的灌溉制度应充分考虑地下水的补给作用。     

黄河三角洲地区典型地块地下水特征的空间变异性研究

以黄河三角洲地区典型地块为研究区,运用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法研究了包括埋深和含盐量的地下水性质空间变异特征,绘制了各地下水特征的随机性和结构性的半方差图和空间分布图。结果表明:受不同尺度的结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用,地下水埋深和含盐量均具有中等的变异强度和空间自相关性,地下水埋深的自相关距大于含盐量。对Kriging插值结果分析表明:地下水埋深的空间变异性受微地形因素及农田工程措施影响较大,长期的农业生产措施会影响地下水含盐量的空间分布,地下水含盐量空间变异性与埋深有一定的关联。地下水特征的空间结构性和定量化研究对黄河三角洲地区地下水资源评价、土壤的次生盐碱化防治及区域水盐运动调控有着直接的现实意义。     

关于发展农业节水灌溉的建议

本文提出了农业节水的关键是：节水的主要潜力在河水灌　区，要按农业用水需要量控制灌溉水量，要在河水灌区积极开发利用浅层地下水和微咸水，　发展井渠结合灌溉的统一管理并改革水价．     

Methane emissions from stems of Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica trees in a floodplain forest

We measured methane (CH₄) emissions from the stem surfaces of mature Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica trees in a floodplain forest. Flux measurements were conducted almost monthly from May to October 2005, and positive CH₄ fluxes were detected throughout the study period, including the leafless season. The mean CH₄ flux was 176 and 97 μg CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹ at the lower (15 cm above the ground) and upper (70 cm above the ground) stem positions, respectively. The CH₄ concentration was lower in soil gas than in ambient air to a depth of at least 40 cm. One possible source of CH₄ emitted from the stems might be the dissolved CH₄ in groundwater; maximum concentrations were 10,000 times higher than atmospheric CH₄ concentrations. Our results suggest that CH₄ transport from the submerged soil layer to the atmosphere may occur through internal air spaces in tree bodies.     

零价铁渗透反应格栅原位修复地下水中氯代烃的应用及研究进展

零价铁(Fe0)渗透反应格栅是一种简单廉价而有效的新型技术,可用来修复地下水中的氯代烃污染。Fe0渗透反应格栅有广阔的应用前景,但也有自身的一些缺点,仍需进一步研究改善。本文介绍了目前渗透反应格栅的安装结构及特点,并对Fe0渗透反应格栅的现场应用及研究进展情况进行了系统论述。     

华北农业高产粮区地下水硝酸盐污染环境价值损失评估技术研究——以山东省桓台县为例

应用人力资本法、防护支出法和支付意愿调查法评估了华北高产粮区桓台县地下水农业面源硝酸盐污染的环境经济损失,并分析了不同评估技术对农业面源硝酸盐污染地下水环境价值损失评估的适用性,其适用性优先序为防护支出法的深井工程法>脱硝工程法≥人力资本法>支付意愿调查法。2 0 0 2年该县由农业地下水硝酸盐污染造成的年环境价值损失约为880万元(86 0 .8～1170 .1万元/浕) ,占当年农业总产值的1.1%～1.5 %。