爱媛28’香橙砧与枳砧在南平市引种表现与评价

2017年引进早熟杂柑品种‘爱媛28’香橙砧和枳砧苗分别在大棚设施和露天进行试种，栽培4年调查比较两个砧木组合的生长表现、丰产性与果实品质，结果表明：‘爱媛28’香橙砧树表现生长势强，冠幅、树高、茎粗、结果枝、秋梢等生长量指标显著大于枳砧树，3a树初产1436 kg/667㎡，4a树2523kg/667㎡，显著高于枳砧4a树初产1809kg/667㎡；大棚种植香橙砧4a树果实10月下旬TSS11-12%，12月中旬TSS可达15%，与枳砧相当，可滴定酸比枳砧略高，两者固酸比均达18以上，口感风味极佳，两者单果重、果形指数、果皮厚度、可食率无显著性差异；未密封大棚4a树体经受2020年寒冬极端低温考验无明显冻害，抗旱抗寒能力中等，易感黑点病和流胶病，大棚种植能很好预防黑点病。综合评价爱媛28枳砧和香橙砧均适合在南平市种植，香橙砧比枳砧早期丰产性稳产性好，收益更高，香橙砧‘爱媛28’设施种植较枳砧更具优势。     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

基于物联网的日光温室环境监测在线校准

[目的]温室环境条件特别是温度对于作物生长和发育具有十分显著的影响。日光温室调控的主要环境因子之一是温度。然而,自然环境下的光照对温度产生作用,影响空气温度的监测精度。大多温度传感要求将传感器置于避光处,然而实际应用中难以保证。[方法]采用机器学习中的支持向量机算法(SVM),对日光温室内的温度智能监测算法进行了研究,根据光照情况对实时监测的温度数据进行校准。[结果]通过与实验测量的数据进行对比分析,结果表明,所提出的监测方法可以较为准确地实时监测空气温度,从而无需使用隔热材料或者遮阳处理,就可以基于监测的数据更精确地对相应的环境因素进行调节。[结论]基于该方法,可采用常用的工业设备实现温室大棚内实时温度数据的监测,既可以节约设备和人力成本,又可以为温室控制提供准确的数据。     

不同有机肥对稻田温室气体排放及产量的影响

为研究有机肥施入稻田对温室气体排放的影响,设置猪粪、鸡粪和稻草分别与化肥混施处理,利用静态箱法-气相色谱仪监测稻田甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放通量并进行分析。研究结果表明,化肥处理(CF)CH_4季节排放为202.1、279.9和332.5 kg/hm~2,与猪粪(PM)无显性差异,明显低于鸡粪(CM)和稻草(RS)处理;CF处理N_2O排放总量最高,与有机肥处理无显著性差异;CH_4季节排放通量与土壤Eh值呈极显著负相关关系,与土壤温度呈极显著正相关关系;肥料中不同活性有机碳质量分数为18.4~114.5 g/kg,肥料中被167 mmol/L高锰酸钾氧化的有机碳(ROC167)与稻田CH_4排放总量呈显著正相关关系(相关系数为0.872,P0.05);施有机肥第三年水稻平均产量比CF处理增加14.3%(P0.05);不同有机肥中,以PM处理的增温潜势和温室气体排放强度最小,与不施肥和CF处理无显著性差异,猪粪的ROC167含量低,能较好的协调环境与产量之间关系,是值得推荐的有机肥种类。     

草甸草原模拟氮沉降抑制甲烷吸收、促进氧化亚氮排放

Few studies are conducted to quantify the effects of enhanced N deposition on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and methane (CH4) uptake in the meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia,China.A two-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition rates (0,10,and 20 kg N ha-1 year-1 as (NH4)2SO4) on soil N2O and CH4 fluxes.The seasonal and diurnal variations of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes were determined using the static chamber-gas chromatography method during the two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009.Soil temperature,moisture and mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3--N) concentration were simultaneously measured.Results showed that low level of (NH4)2SO4 (10 kg N ha-1 year-1) did not significantly affect soil CH4 and N2O fluxes and other variables.High level of (NH4)2SO4 (20 kg N ha-1 year-1) significantly increased soil NO3--N concentration by 24.1％ to 35.6％,decreased soil CH4 uptake by an average of 20.1％,and significantly promoted soil N2O emission by an average of 98.2％.Soil N2O emission responded more strongly to the added N compared to CH4 uptake.However,soil CH4 fluxes were mainly driven by soil moisture,followed by soil NO3--N concentration.Soil N2O fluxes were mainly driven by soil temperature,followed by soil moisture.Soil inorganic N availability was a key integrator of soil CH4 uptake and N2O emission.These results suggest that the changes of availability of inorganic N induced by the increased N deposition in soil may affect the CH4 and N2O fluxes in the cold semi-arid meadow steppe over the short term.     

日光温室土壤养分含量及比例与种植年限的关系

对陕西省泾阳县的日光温室蔬菜施肥情况与土壤养分状况进行了研究。结果表明,泾阳县日光温室氮磷钾养分的纯投入量平均为N·651 kg hm~(-2)、P2O5·485 kg hm~(-2)和K2O·855 kg hm~(-2),养分投入量明显偏高。温室耕层土壤速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钾和水溶性钙与种植年限之间都存在极显著的线性正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.995、0.973、0.973和0.979。种植7年后,硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量分别是农田土壤的1.8、5.1和3.6倍,水溶性钾、钙、镁分别是农田的12.2、4.5和2.6倍。随种植年限的延长,温室土壤K、Ca、Mg三者的比例严重失衡,由养分不合理施用带来的养分损失及可能引起的环境问题值得关注。     

种植年限对设施蔬菜土壤养分和环境的影响

为了给设施蔬菜地合理施肥提供依据,研究了不同种植年限设施蔬菜地土壤理化性质、微生物数量及酶活性变化,以露地土壤为对照(CK),采集种植1 a(年)、3 a、5 a、7 a、9 a、11 a、13 a、15 a、17 a、20 a以及20 a以上的0~20 cm设施蔬菜土壤样品,采用常规土壤理化性质检测方法测定了土壤理化性质和酶活性,采用平板计数法,分析土壤微生物数量。结果表明,设施菜地种植年限与土壤容重呈正相关,与土壤孔隙度呈负相关;设施菜地土壤pH值随种植年限的增加逐年降低,两者呈显著的负相关性;土壤EC值、土壤有机质和速效磷含量都随种植年限的增加而逐年增高,并与种植年限呈显著的正相关性;与CK相比,种植13 a的蔬菜样地土壤全氮和速效钾含量均显著地增加;连续种植20 a以上,设施蔬菜土壤含盐量比对照土壤显著地增加了486.49%。土壤细菌和放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,且都在种植年限为11~13 a时达到最大;真菌数量随着种植年限的增加而增加,而土壤脲酶活性则随种植年限的增加呈下降趋势;转化酶活性随着种植年限的增加保持不变。土壤微生物数量与酶活性之间存在一定程度的相关关系,其中土壤真菌数量与土壤酶活性之间的相关性最为显著。综上所述,种植年限不同的设施菜地,土壤养分失衡,呈现酸化趋势,盐分含量逐年增加,土传真菌病害潜在发生,对设施蔬菜生产不利。     

Modeling and implementing the use of aeration to increase water temperature and dissolved oxygen in greenhouse aquaculture cages

In this study, an unique bamboo floating cage was built in order to heat the water used for rearing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus) and climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch) in Northern Thailand during the colder rainy and winter seasons. This special greenhouse fish cage (SGFC) was covered with polyethylene to heat the surface air with solar energy, and insulated to prevent heat loss. The water temperature at depths of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.8 m was modeled and measured. In various trials, the cages were aerated with and without heated air from the surface. It was found that the thermal efficiency of the SGFC integrated with hot air aeration at a water depth of 0.80 m was 32.65 %. Throughout the day, the average water temperature was 31.82 ± 0.68 °C, which was 0.76 °C higher than the water temperature outside the experiment, and the amount of oxygen in the water of 11.35 ± 0.13 mg/l. The SGFC can produce one extra fish harvest per year when compared with regular fish cages. Development equations to describe the thermal model were used for predicting the water temperature in the SGFC and thus validating the model. Moreover, the economic analysis of the SGFC found that the payback period was one year, seven months and fourteen days.     

广东省林业碳汇解析及提升潜力分析

森林经营在增强二氧化碳吸收方面具有重要作用，在全球气候变化背景下，本文阐述了《联 合国气候变化框架公约》中我国的履约目标，并评估了 2005 年和 2010 年广东省土地利用变化和林业领 域的固碳量。结果显示广东省 2005 年森林生物量生长碳吸收合计总量为 47.02×109 kg 二氧化碳当量，乔 木林固碳占总固碳量的 88.87%，采伐消耗温室气体排放 11.47×109 kg 二氧化碳当量，采伐消耗温室气 体排放二氧化碳当量占总排放量的 76.12%。2010 年固碳量增长 11.68%，采伐消耗温室气体排放增加了 19.85%。通过对比分析，探讨了广东省林业碳汇的提升潜力及方向。     

生物炭和秸秆还田对干旱区玉米农田土壤温室气体通量的影响

为了研究生物炭及秸秆还田对干旱区玉米农田温室气体通量的影响，以内蒙古科尔沁地区玉米农田为试验对象，采用静态箱-气相色谱法对分别施入生物炭0 t·hm^-2（CK）、15 t·hm^-2（C15）、30 t·hm^-2（C30）、45 t·hm^-2（C45）及秸秆还田（SNPK）的土壤进行温室气体（CO₂、CH₄和N₂O）通量的原位观测，并估算生长季CH₄和N₂O的综合增温潜势（GWP）与排放强度（GHGI）。结果表明：添加生物炭能够显著减少土壤CO₂和N₂O的排放量，并促进土壤对CH₄的吸收作用。其中处理C15对CO₂的减排效果最好，与对照相比CO₂排放量降低21.16%。随着施入生物炭量的增加，生物炭对N₂O排放的抑制作用不断增强，处理C45对减排效果最好，与对照相比N₂O排放量降低86.25%。处理C15对土壤吸收CH₄的促进效果最好，CH₄吸收量增加56.62%；处理C45对CH₄的排放有促进作用，使生长季土壤吸收CH₄减少81.36%。SNPK对温室气体的减排作用接近处理C15。添加生物炭和秸秆还田对提高玉米产量和降低农田GWP与GHGI均有显著效果，施用生物炭及秸秆还田均有效提高了科尔沁地区的玉米产量，且玉米产量随着施入生物炭含量的增大而提升。从GWP上来看，施用15 t·hm^-2生物炭对温室气体减排的整体效果最好。从GHGI上来看，施用生物炭及秸秆还田均具有一定的经济效益和减排意义，其中施用15 t·hm^-2生物炭的综合效益最高。因此综合经济效益与环境因素，建议科尔沁地区农田在种植玉米时添加15 t·hm^-2生物炭，如不具备购买生物炭条件，可以考虑秸秆还田来实现玉米增产与温室气体减排。