Evaluation of Nitric Acid Extraction of Elements from Soils and Sediments in Two watersheds in East Tennessee

Determining the total elemental concentrations of soils requires a total dissolution method, in which hydrofluoric acid (HF) is commonly used. However, this method is tedious and risky due to the dangerous reagent HF. This study compared a single acid extraction technique using a nitric acid (HNO₃) extraction method to total dissolution (HF + microwave assisted aqua regia) for evaluating the total elemental concentrations in soils and sediments. The two methods were used to analyze the elemental content of soils and sediments from the Oostanaula Creek and Pond Creek watersheds in East Tennessee. Twenty-one elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Nd, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and Zr) were subsequently measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The extraction efficiency for HNO₃ relative to the total was compared and discussed. In general, HNO₃ can extract the elements in absorbed phases and those residing in non-silicate minerals. Six elements (Ba, Co, Fe, Ca, Mn, and P) generated significant correlations between total and HNO₃ in both OC and PC watersheds. Finally, the elements were grouped according to the interrelationships of their total elemental concentrations based on the dendrogram plots, suggesting their geochemical association in soils and sediment forming minerals.     

古土壤定量重建古气候研究现状

从古土壤中碳酸钙淀积深度、钙结核中氧同位素组成、磁化率、全铁、地球化学元素等替代性指标方面回顾了国内外对古气候定量化研究的现状,并对研究中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

土壤中新型肥料氮素淋失特征研究

氮素淋溶是农田氮素损失的重要途径,也是造成地下水硝酸盐污染的重要原因,研究土壤氮素淋失特征对预防地下水氮素污染具有十分重要的意义。该文采用室内土柱淋溶试验的方法,研究了新型肥料在土壤中的迁移及淋溶规律,分析了氮素淋溶的地球化学响应特征,并确定了各形态氮素淋失量。研究结果表明:尿素、缓释肥料、稳定性肥料处理氮素淋溶量差异显著,分别为208.66、131.95、125.24kg·hm-2,缓释和稳定性肥料的氮素淋失率分别为32.98%和31.31%,比尿素低19.15%和20.85%,说明缓释和稳定性肥料可以显著减少氮素的淋失及对地下水的污染。硝态氮、铵态氮、有机氮分别占氮素淋失量的49.89%~75.19%、6.48%~12.77%、14.92%~31.31%,说明硝态氮是氮素淋溶的主要形态,其次是有机氮和铵态氮。     

章丘大葱产地地质地球化学背景研究

[目的]了解章丘大葱产地表层土壤地球化学环境特征及元素的迁移转化规律。[方法]以生态地球化学理论为指导,利用章丘大葱产地生态地球化学调查的基础数据,系统研究境内表层土壤元素的分布特征、组合特征及剖面特征。[结果]分析土壤中20种元素的地球化学特征,其中大部分元素受深层土壤控制明显,具较强的承继性。但是,S、Se、Hg、N、P等元素受人类活动的影响明显。[结论]研究区土壤中大多数元素基本保持成土母质母岩的原始状况,物质主要来源于深层土壤母质,但一定程度上受表层各种作用的改造。     

辽北花生主产区的生产优势和发展对策

通过对辽宁省北部花生种植区地球化学调查，分析了花生种植区的气候特征和土壤理化性质，阐述了辽北地区花生生产的优势，并针对辽北地区花生生产目前存在的突出问题。     

土壤微生物铁循环及其环境意义

铁是土壤中重要的高活性高丰度元素。铁的生物地球化学循环包括铁还原与亚铁氧化两个过程,需要微生物提供基本驱动力,已经成为陆地表层系统研究的国际热点。铁循环控制着土壤有机物矿化、反硝化、甲烷产生、重金属固定等环境过程,是连结土壤养分循环与污染物转化的纽带。从生物地球化学循环的角度,综述了微生物作用下的铁还原、亚铁氧化过程及其主要微生物类群,重点论述了厌氧条件铁还原与亚铁氧化的环境效应及其地球化学机理,以及铁还原与亚铁氧化两个过程的协调及其调控因子。本文将有助于深入理解地球表层的关键环境过程与驱动机制。     

吉林延边苹果梨主产区土地质量地球化学评价

[目的]明确土壤中地球化学元素对土地质量的影响,为土地利用服务。[方法]通过实地调查,在延边苹果梨主产区采集120个样品、测试分析了16种元素和理化性质的相应指标,从土地肥力、土地环境两个方面对研究区进行土地质量地球化学评价。[结果]延边苹果梨主要种植区的土地肥力质量属于二等适中水平,其中龙井肥力质量最高、珲春最差;四个区域土地环境质量均处于优等状态,仅在三合、图们个别样点存在Ni、As元素超标现象,总体看来不存在土地重金属污染。[结论]延边地区综合土地质量为优良水平,对苹果梨种植很适宜。     

耕地质量构成要素间的影响分析——以吉林省前郭县为例

耕地质量各构成要素的特点和相互间的影响,决定了耕地质量的外在表现。从构成耕地质量的自然因素和环境因素入手,研究具体区域耕地质量构成要素间的相互影响关系,以便针对耕地质量的特点,选择适宜的利用方式。本文以吉林省前郭县为研究区域,基于农用地分等成果和地球化学评估成果,分析该研究区内耕地质量构成要素的特点和相互影响关系。结果表明:在本研究区内耕地利用等与土壤肥力等呈正相关趋势,说明耕地生产能力随土壤肥力的增高而增大;耕地利用等与土壤环境健康等呈负相关趋势,说明研究区内的耕地利用方式对耕地的土壤环境状况造成了负面影响;土壤肥力等与土壤环境健康等呈负相关趋势,说明人们改善土壤肥力的方式,对土壤环境健康造成了负面影响。尽管目前研究区内耕地的土壤重金属含量尚未超标,但土壤环境健康等的变化趋势向我们发出了警示,应注意合理施用化肥农药,避免耕地土壤环境的恶化。     

干湿交替对半干旱地区一些铅盐污染土壤中铅再分配的影响

Mobility and bioavailability of lead (Pb) could be affected considerably by soil physicochemical properties;however,less is known about the effect of Pb levels and aging time.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pb levels and wetting-drying (WD) cycles on distribution and bioavailability of Pb in three semi-arid zone soils treated with different levels of Pb(NO 3) 2.Wetting-drying cycles simulated the actual field irrigation in the semi-arid soils.A soil with a long history of Pb contamination was also taken as a reference soil.The soils were spiked with various levels of Pb and incubated under WD cycles for 160 d.Sequential extractions and batch sorption experiments were performed to assess the fractionation of Pb in the spiked soils.Redistribution index (U ts) and reduced partitioning parameter (I R) were applied to semi-quantify the distribution of Pb in the spiked soils.A small amount of Pb sorbed was desorbed by the soils,indicating a strong and irreversible binding of Pb in the studied soils.Contribution of carbonate-bound (Car) and residual (Res) Pb fractions to the total Pb of the soils was more than 97%.The Car,soluble plus exchangeable (SE),and organic matter-bound (OMB) fractions of Pb were transferred to the Res fraction under the WD cycles.The I R and U ts values were influenced by Pb loading levels and WD;therefore,the Pb lability and/or redistribution pattern could semi-quantitatively be assessed via these parameters.At the end of the experiment,the I R and U ts values for the Pb salt-spiked soils did not show the quasi-equilibrium state.The lability of Pb in the soils decreased with increasing incubation time and showed a strong dependence on Pb levels and soil chemical composition.WD cycles significantly affected the overall lability of Pb in soils through influencing the redistribution of Pb among solid-phase components.     

基于稳健统计学确定高潜在污染土壤Cu、Pb基线值

土壤重金属基线值的确定对于评价重金属积累现状具有重要意义。在存在人为污染的情况下,土壤重金属数据经常强烈地偏离正态分布和对数正态分布,影响统计分析结果的可信度,而稳健统计方法可以降低离群值对统计分析结果的影响。本研究以张家港为研究区域,采用稳健回归方法,建立表层和底层土壤Cu、Pb的回归关系,通过底层土壤Cu、Pb含量计算表层土壤Cu、Pb基线值,并对土壤Cu、Pb积累状况进行评价。结果表明,稳健回归方法确定的表层土壤Cu、Pb基线值可以反映出不同样点间,土壤Cu、Pb背景含量的自然变异。与稳健统计学方法相比,使用国家土壤环境质量标准值,或大区域(江苏省)的土壤背景值,评价自然背景本身存在变异区域的土壤重金属积累状况时,可能会产生较大的误差。