我国大蒜产业现状及发展对策

大蒜是一种经济作物。我国大蒜种植历史悠久,目前以大蒜产业为主要收入的农户有千万人以上;在国际市场上,我国大蒜占据超过60%的份额,是世界上最大的大蒜生产国和消费国。然而,随着经济的发展,大蒜产业在发展过程中逐渐暴露出许多问题。本文针对我国大蒜产业的现状和问题,提出了解决对策,为我国调整大蒜产业发展结构提供理论依据。     

中国大蒜主产区主要品种鳞茎品质及其与产地土壤养分的关系

以全国16个省区50个品种大蒜与对应土壤为材料,分析大蒜鳞茎中大蒜素、硒元素、锗元素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的含量,测定蒜瓣数、蒜头质量等7个鳞茎性状及土壤化学性状指标,通过主成分分析对鳞茎性状进行综合评价,分析大蒜鳞茎与产地土壤化学性质的相关性。结果表明:大蒜素、硒、锗和可溶性糖4个主成分累计方差贡献率达到79.8%,反映大蒜品种鳞茎品质的基本信息。鳞茎营养品质大蒜素、硒、锗、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及表型品质蒜瓣数、蒜头质量综合排序,品质较好的(F≥0.5)品种是‘苏02’‘苏01’‘贵02’‘豫07’和‘晋01’,品质一般(0≤F0.5)的品种19个,品质较差(F0)的品种超过一半。相关分析表明,土壤养分含量与大蒜品质间的相关性较小,只有硫元素与大蒜素和可溶性糖显著正相关,土壤pH与大蒜锗含量显著正相关,土壤N含量与大蒜可溶性糖极显著正相关。     

原子吸收光谱法检测大蒜制品中微量元素锗

[目的]研究不同大蒜制品中锗元素含量的差别。[方法]采用马弗炉灰化样品,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定以金乡紫皮蒜为原料加工而成的黑蒜、蒜蓉辣酱、脱水蒜片、蒜粉、糖醋蒜5种制品中锗的含量。[结果]试验表明,黑蒜中锗含量为1.384 mg/g,蒜蓉辣酱中锗含量为0.784 mg/g,脱水蒜片中锗含量为0.913 mg/g,蒜粉中锗含量为0.956 mg/g,糖醋蒜中锗含量为0.827 mg/g。5种蒜制品中均含有锗元素,其含量由多到少依次为黑蒜、蒜粉、脱水蒜片、糖醋蒜、蒜蓉辣酱。[结论]研究可为大蒜及大蒜制品的开发利用提供参考依据。     

大蒜茎尖脱毒技术及组织培养研究

采用山西栽培的５个地方名蒜茎尖离体培养，获得了无病毒蒜种。结果表明，茎尖大小为０．２￣０．５ｍｍ，不定芽增殖培养基以Ｂ５或ＭＳ４，附加１￣２ｍｇ／Ｌ细胞分裂素和０．０１￣０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ，效果最佳。根系诱导在原培养基中加入０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ ＮＡＡ，出根率可达９０％以上。成苗后于１２月份移栽到节能日光温室，成活率达９０％以上。经对脱毒苗形态观察和染色体检测，没有发生异常变化。植株生长健壮，遗传性稳     

大蒜组织培养快繁技术的研究

以贵州务川紫皮大蒜茎尖为试验材料,将其接种在附加不同NAA和6-BA的MS分化培养基中,比较组织诱导、分化和生根效果。试验结果表明,以MS＋6-BA 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L培养基诱导愈伤组织效果最好;以MS＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基诱导不定芽增殖的效果较好,增殖倍数达5倍;以MS＋NAA 0.4 mg/L培养基的生根效果最佳。     

Manipulation of rumen fermentation and ecology of swamp buffalo by coconut oil and garlic powder supplementation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of coconut oil and garlic powder supplementation on digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, rumen ecology, rumen microorganism and methanogen diversity. Four, 3-year old, rumen fistulated swamp buffalo bulls were randomly assigned in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments; 7% coconut oil, 7% coconut oil with 50 g/day of garlic powder, 7% coconut oil with 100 g/day of garlic powder and non-supplemented (control). During the experiment, concentrate was offered at 0.5% of BW while rice straw was given on ad libitum basis. It was found that supplementation of 7% coconut oil had significantly influenced on total DM intake, OM, NDF and ADF digestibilites while supplementation of 7% coconut oil with garlic powder (50 and 100 g/day) were not significantly different when compared with the control. Dietary supplementations did not affect on rumen pH, NH₃–N concentrations. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher in supplemented groups. Total VFA concentration, proportion of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio were reduced by supplementation. Proportion of propionate was increased (P < 0.05) when supplemented with 7% coconut oil and 7% coconut oil with 100 g/day of garlic powder. Methane production was dramatically reduced (P = 0.005) in supplemented treatments and was 10% reduced in 7% coconut oil supplementation. Amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria were increased (P = 0.007 and P = 0.024) while protozoal population decreased by 68–75% (P < 0.01) by supplementation. Total bacterial population was increased by supplementation while total fungi and total methanogens were not significantly different among treatments. Percentage of cellulolytic bacterial population was not different among treatments. However, dietary supplementation reduced (P < 0.001) percentage of F. succinogenes population. However, methanogen diversity was not changed using PCR–DGGE as technique. Thirteen separate bands were found in the DGGE gel. Based on this study, supplementation with 7% coconut oil plus 100 g/day of garlic powder could be efficiently utilized in the rumen and thus, could provide good fermentation end products and improve rumen ecology for the host swamp buffaloes particularly in reducing 9% methane gas production without changing nutrient digestibilities.     

氮钾配施对大蒜增产效应的研究

1999～2001年连续三年多点试验结果表明:在安徽省来安县大蒜产区水稻土上氮钾配施对大蒜产量及品质都有明显的正效应,蒜苔增产24.2%～29.2%,蒜头增产17.3%～18.9%。氮钾肥的产量效应与土壤的氮钾水平和氮钾比例密切相关。氮肥的适宜用量为N300～375kg/hm2,钾肥为K2O150kg/hm2。回归方程计算显示,大蒜产区的土壤临界钾素含量为101μg/ml,氮素临界含量为46μg/ml(ASI法测定)。氮钾配施并能提高蒜苗、蒜苔维生素C及可溶性糖含量。增施钾肥对大蒜的经济效益明显提高,产投比为11.07～13.26。     

CHANGES IN GROWTH AND GENE EXPRESSION INDUCED BY SULFUR DEFICIENCY IN GARLIC

ABSTRACT

Sulfur deficiency in garlic Allium sativum L. caused a reduction in growth together with chlorosis and necrosis of leaves. Large differences in shoot sulfur and sulphate concentrations between deficient and high sulfur treatments were only observed after 54 days growth. Using the mRNA differential display technique, a novel cDNA was isolated from shoots grown in sulfur depleted nutrient solution for 24 days. This novel cDNA was constitutively expressed in the shoots during further growth in sulfur depleted solution, but it was undetectable following 30 days recovery with sulfur supplementation. The cDNA sequence demonstrated a high degree of identity with a coat protein gene of a garlic latent carlavirus. The results suggest a possible relationship between low plant sulfur status and the induction of a latent carlavirus in garlic.     

不同贮藏温度对大蒜二次生长的影响

为研究不同贮藏温度对大蒜二次生长的影响,测定了0、2、4、6、8、10、12℃处理下的蒜种播后出苗率和二次生长发生率。结果表明:0、2、4、6、8℃的低温处理大蒜蒜种,大蒜出苗率较对照显著下降;0、2、4、6、8、10℃低温处理蒜种,大蒜二次生长率较对照显著增加,而12℃处理的蒜种,大蒜二次生长率不受影响;由以上2项指标可以得出,12℃为大蒜蒜种的最佳贮藏温度。     

大蒜根系分泌物对石榴枯萎病菌和枯草芽孢杆菌作用初探（摘要）

[目的]研究大蒜套种石榴控制石榴枯萎病的可能性。[方法]在实验室条件下,采用不同浓度的0.2倍MS培养液和蒸馏水培养的大蒜根系分泌物,测定其对枯萎病菌和枯草芽孢杆菌生长的影响。[结果]MS培养液和蒸馏水培养的大蒜根系分泌物均不能有效抑制枯萎病菌菌丝的生长。而同样2种方式培养的大蒜根系分泌物却对枯草芽孢杆菌的增殖具有较强的促进作用,且蒸馏水培养大蒜根系分泌物效果要优于MS培养液培养的根系分泌物。[结论]石榴园套种大蒜结合枯草芽孢杆菌施用有望作为控制石榴枯萎病蔓延的一种方式。