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1.
王枫 《农学学报》2021,11(9):92-96
经济林良种是经济林产业的“芯片”,是经济林生产优质、高产、高效的物质基础。完善经济林良种推广政策,是实现经济林产业高质量发展的根本保障。通过数据收集和整理,系统梳理全国经济林良种推广现状,指出经济林良种推广中还存在着良种使用率不高,经济林低产低效;部分经济林良种存在超范围推广;良种审定过多,结构性过剩和种植品种过多,对接生产加工不畅等突出问题。进而提出从以种植为目标的良种推广转变为以生产加工等市场需求为导向的良种推广思路。从优化良种供给、加强良种推广的宏观指导、强化科技支撑和宣传培训、实施经济林提质增效工程和充分发挥产业协会、创新联盟的作用等方面给出优化经济林良种推广的政策建议。  相似文献   
2.
Soybean rust, caused by the biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is the most important foliar disease of soybean (Glycine max) worldwide. Deployment of resistant soybean cultivars is the best option for managing this disease. Genes conferring resistance to P. pachyrhizi have been identified, but pathotypes of the rust fungus overcoming these resistance genes have also been found. To identify novel resistance genes, soybean genotypes from both local and international sources were screened at multiple locations in Tanzania and Uganda in 2016 and 2017. The results from this screening revealed that infection types, disease severities, and sporulation levels varied among the genotypes and locations. The majority of the genotypes had tan-coloured (TAN) lesions and developed moderate sporulation, implying susceptibility, while only seven of the 71 lines had reddish-brown (RB) lesions and showed low disease severities in all of the screening environments. We identified seven genotypes that were the most resistant to rust in the most locations over the two years. These genotypes will be useful for further studies and, ultimately, for rust management, as they show broad resistance to various pathotypes of the rust fungus.  相似文献   
3.
以浙江省凤阳山海拔1 300~1 400 m处不同林分类型(阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、杉木林、竹林)为对象,测定不同土层土壤基本理化性质、酶活性及腐殖质质量分数,分析土壤腐殖质特征及影响因素,为凤阳山自然保护区的土壤肥力和可持续经营发展提供理论依据。结果表明:土壤腐殖质质量分数针阔混交林最高,阔叶混交林、竹林、杉木林次之;胡敏酸质量分数针阔混交林最高,杉木林最低;富里酸质量分数针阔混交林最高,竹林最低。除磷酸酶活性随土层加深无统一规律外,4种林分脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性及蔗糖酶活性土壤随土层加深皆呈现降低趋势。土壤pH值、土壤密度与土壤腐殖质质量分数、胡敏酸质量分数和富里酸质量分数均呈现显著的负相关;除磷酸酶活性相关性不显著外,土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙、非毛管孔隙与土壤腐殖质质量分数、胡敏酸质量分数和富里酸质量分数均呈现显著的正相关。凤阳山不同林分类型对土壤腐殖质特征的影响较土层深度更显著,土壤理化性质及酶活性与土壤腐殖质质量分数有着密切关系。  相似文献   
4.
The fluxes of masses and the nutrients Ca,Mg,K,N,P and S were determined in the litterfall of two adjacent forest ecosystems of Hungarian oak(Quercus frainetto L.)and European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)in a mountainous area of northeastern Greece in 2010–2015.The foliar litterfall for both species reached about 70%of the total litterfall,and was significantly higher from the other two fractions(woody and rest litterfall).The fluxes of masses and nutrients were compared between ecosystems for each fraction separately.Only one significant statistical difference was found,that of K in the woody litterfall.In addition,the stocks of masses and nutrients were calculated in the forest floors and mineral soils of the two ecosystems.Likewise,the stocks of nutrients in the forest floors and mineral soils were compared between ecosystems.In the L horizon of the forest floors,statistical differences,as a result of species effect,were found for the stocks of Ca and N.In the FH horizons,the masses and all the nutrient stocks differed significantly,as the beech plot had much higher quantities of organic matter and nutrients.These higher quantities were probably due to low soil temperatures(microclimate)and high acidity in the beech plot(species effect)that slowed down decomposition.In the mineral soils,the propagation of random error derived from random errors of the individual soil layers was an important factor in the statistical comparisons.Because of the soil acidity in the beech plot,the stocks of exchangeable base cations were significantly higher in the oak plot,whereas the other nutrient stocks did not differ.  相似文献   
5.
【背景】 呼伦贝尔草原作为我国温性草原的重要组成部分,其独特的地理位置、典型的生态及气候特点、代表性的生产方式决定其在草原畜牧业生产中的重要地位,同时也是我国北方的绿色生态屏障,发挥着生态缓冲区功能。草地作为重要的陆地生态系统之一,在农牧业生产、生态及环境保护、气候变化等方面具有重要的意义。【目的】 明确不同草地类型的空间分布及变化规律,为草地研究及管理提供依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔草原区不同草地及地物类型为研究对象,以1992年、2015年遥感影像为数据源,采用支持向量机、面对对象分类法获得研究区地物类型空间分布数据,以地统计方法分析时空变化特征,结合植物-生境学分类法划分地带性草地类型潜在分布、社会统计数据、地物类型转化过程分析气候变化、人类活动对草地类型分布的影响。【结果】 研究区耕地、林地、沙地碱地、人工表面4种地物类型面积增加,草地、水体面积减少。草地作为研究区最大的覆盖类型,1992年、2015年分布面积为7 601 258 hm2、7 148 085 hm2,减少幅度5.96%。研究区分布典型草原、草甸草原、低地草甸、山地草甸及沼泽,前3种草地类型分布面积较大,共占研究区总面积70%以上,后2种草地类型分布面积相对较少,占2%左右。除典型草原面积增加外,其他草地类型面积减少,典型草原面积增加283 790 hm2,增加幅度7.12%;草甸草原减少面积最大,减少563 439 hm2,减小幅度28.72%。研究区水分状况相对较湿润的草地类型向相对干旱的类型转换占据主导地位,1992—2015年转移面积466 687 hm2,水分状况相对较干的草地类型向相对湿润的类型转移面积212 330 hm2。【结论】 呼伦贝尔草原区不同草地及地物类型空间分布变化较为剧烈,气候变化的影响具有趋势性、长期性、难恢复性,人类活动的影响具有破碎性、可逆性、易恢复性。  相似文献   
6.
Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. Intensive surveys detected the disease at further sites in Devon (seven), Berkshire (one), Dorset (one), Derbyshire (four) and a cluster of eight sites in southeast London. Over 570 survey samples were tested, and 227 were positive for C. parasitica by isolation and real-time PCR. A total of 227 isolates were tested for mating type, and 197 screened for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and compared with VCGs known from mainland Europe. The same isolates were also screened for the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). Eleven VCGs were identified within the UK population. Five corresponded to already known European VCGs but six were unique. The European VCGs mainly came from the Devon, Dorset, Berkshire and Derbyshire disease outbreaks, whilst unique VCGs were almost exclusively from the southeast London cluster. Both mating types were detected, but only one mating type was present at each site, with the exception of a single Devon site. Perithecia of C. parasitica were never observed at any site. CHV-1 was found in seven isolates from three different locations and was always subtype-I, which has limited hypovirulence. Therefore, although CHV-1 is associated with C. parasitica at some outbreaks, it probably has limited impact on virulence. The diversity of VCGs and their distribution at outbreak sites, together with findings of CHV-1, suggests C. parasitica has been introduced to the UK multiple times over at least two decades through international plant trade.  相似文献   
7.
采取实地调查、采集标本、影像资料、专家鉴定和分类统计等方法对方城县野生木本植物资源进行调查。结果表明:方城县共有野生木本植物60科137属236种,其中裸子植物4科6属7种,被子植物56科131属229种;优势科有蔷薇科等13个科,含66属145种,优势属有悬钩子属等13个属,含65种;野生木本植物中有乔木121种、灌木85种、藤本25种、竹类5种;国家重点保护、珍稀濒危和省级重点保护植物共有18种。  相似文献   
8.
Poor land use management and practice inhibit the growth and establishment of tree seedlings in dryland areas.We assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM)status of Faidherbia albida(Del.)A.Chev.trees grown on different land uses.We quantified the growth and nutrient uptake of F.albida seedlings inoculated with AM from different sources.These efforts were based on soil and fine root samples from the rhizosphere soils of F.albida trees.AM root colonization was determined using the gridline intersect method.Spores were extracted by the wet sieving and decanting method and identified to genus level.The seedling experiment had a completely randomized onefactorial design with four treatments and five replications.Faidherbida albida seedlings were grown in a greenhouse.All in situ F.albida trees were colonized by AM fungi.AM root colonization of F.albida trees was significantly higher(P<0.0086)in area exclosures than on lands used for grazing or cultivation.Spore abundance was significantly higher(P<0.0014)in area exclosures followed by cultivated land and grazing land.Glomus was the dominant genus in all land-uses.AM-inoculated F.albida seedlings grew better(P<0.05)than non-inoculated controls.Seedlings inoculated with AM from area exclosure had significantly(P<0.05)higher growth and nutrient uptake than those inoculated with AM from grazing and cultivated land.This emphasizes the importance of the native soil AM potential for better establishment of seedlings to achieve optimum plant growth improvement and assist in rehabilitation of degraded arid lands.  相似文献   
9.
黄土塬边坡植被类型对土壤孔隙的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
黄土塬边坡植被建设以固坡为目的,不同植被的土壤孔隙结构有利于增加降水入渗,从而减少坡面产流的水蚀危害。本研究以长武塬黄土塬边坡的侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)林地、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)灌丛、草地和农地4种植被为研究对象,采集0–30 cm的原状土柱,利用CT扫描和图像处理技术,对其土壤孔隙度、孔隙数目、孔隙成圆率和孔隙分形维数进行定量分析,结合土层样品的理化性质,研究影响土壤孔隙结构的主要因素。结果表明,农地、侧柏孔隙的孔径大小分异不大,而草地、沙棘自身根系互动穿插生成的根孔扩展了孔径分布范围,不仅增加了孔隙度和大孔隙数目,也降低了孔隙成圆率。草地、沙棘有利于降水入渗,是固坡的优先选择。土壤有机质、粘粒含量等性质与孔隙参数之间具有极显著(P<0.001)或显著(P<0.05)相关关系,它们的改变对土壤孔隙特征变化和提高蓄水保土能力具有重要影响。  相似文献   
10.
不同浸提剂处理森林土壤溶解性有机碳含量比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
丁咸庆  柏菁  项文化  侯红波  彭佩钦 《土壤》2020,52(3):518-524
为了解亚热带森林土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的特征规律,采用培养离心的方法获取土壤溶液测得DOC含量,对比传统水溶性有机碳(WSOC)提取法间的差异。选取湖南大山冲森林公园保存完好的3种亚热带典型次生林地,按10cm一层采集剖面土壤,采用不同方法提取测定土壤DOC和WSOC含量,分析与土壤理化指标的相关性及方法间的显著性关系。结果表明:①典型森林土壤DOC或WSOC含量随土壤剖面深度的增加,呈显著下降趋势。培养离心提取测得的土壤DOC含量明显较低,仅0.82~9.52 mg/kg,超纯水浸提的风干土WSOC含量达10.56~249.19 mg/kg,而0.5 mol/L K_2SO_4提取的鲜土WSOC含量达155.70~576.94 mg/kg,0.5mol/L K_2SO_4浸提的干土WSOC含量最高,达158.94~797.56 mg/kg,含量表现为:DOC干土超纯水浸提WSOC鲜土K_2SO_4浸提WSOC干土K_2SO_4浸提WSOC;②3种次生林土壤DOC或WSOC含量存在显著差异,不同方法测定的含量均表现为针叶林常绿阔叶林落叶林;③培养离心法测得土壤DOC含量与其他测定方法间存在极显著正相关(P0.01),并且土壤DOC和WSOC均与土壤pH、总有机碳、胡敏酸、富啡酸、全氮、全磷、速效态氮以及微生物生物量碳氮达到极显著相关(P0.01),与土壤含水率和容重显著相关(P0.05)。培养离心法测得土壤DOC含量远低于水溶液提取WSOC含量,该方法下的测得值更接近于原位土壤溶解性有机碳实际值。  相似文献   
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