家庭经济禀赋、政策认知与农户宅基地流转意愿——基于江西省456份问卷调查

构建科学有效的宅基地流转机制是一个迫切需要解决的基础性课题。笔者利用江西省456户农户的实际调查数据,运用Logit回归模型研究家庭经济禀赋、政策认知对农户宅基地流转意愿的影响。研究结果表明：家庭经济禀赋中非农收入比重、家庭存款、家庭人均年收入对农户宅基地流转意愿具有显著正向影响；政策认知中“一户一宅”认知、流转规定认知程度对农户宅基地流转意愿具有显著负向影响。为此,应进一步提高农户非农就业机会,改善农民务工经商的就业环境、应加快制定“一户一宅”的配套制度,构建更加合理和更具有操作性的宅基地流转政策体系。     

“门当户对”的婚姻更幸福吗——以夫妻双方个人特征差距为视角

夫妻双方的年龄、受教育程度、收入以及户籍方面的差异会影响婚后的主观幸福感。夫妻双方的年龄差距越大，生活幸福感越弱，且这种影响更多地存在于男性和农业户籍人口中；夫妻双方的受教育程度差距虽然有利于女性主观幸福感的提升，却会恶化男性的主观幸福感；夫妻双方的收入差距越大，生活幸福感越强，且对于女性和农业户籍人口而言，收入差距对生活幸福感的影响更为显著；与夫妻双方都是农业户籍相比，夫妻双方都是非农业户籍的幸福感更强。夫妻双方的个人特征差异对婚后主观幸福感的影响存在性别与户籍差异。     

农地转出行为是否会改变农民家庭的生计策略——基于CFPS微观数据的DID模型估计

在合理筛选控制变量和对农户生计策略类型进行细分的基础上,基于CFPS两期全国整合样本的面板数据,运用倍差法及倾向得分匹配倍差法,实证检验农地转出对农户生计策略产生的影响。结果表明:农地转出对农户采取农业型和农兼型生计策略产生了显著负向作用,对非农型生计策略的选择具有正向推动作用,而对兼农型生计策略的影响效应有限,没有通过显著性检验,说明农户可以通过调整自家的生计策略适应农地转出所引起的变化。另外,通过多种匹配方法对估计结果进行检验,证实估计结果具有稳定性和可靠性。建议今后在尊重农民意愿的基础上,加大对农地流转政策的支持力度。依据不同类型家庭的实际需求,为农户制定适宜自身发展的差异化鼓励政策,带动发展具有当地特色且真正属于农民自己的非农“产业”,实现农地转出户生计的可持续发展。     

Measuring fish catch and consumption: Practical methods for small‐scale fisheries based on length as an alternative to weight‐based approaches

Small‐scale fisheries are recognised as making important contributions to nutrition and economic development despite a lack of accurate quantitative information on catches and consumption. While direct measurement remains the most appropriate way of collecting such data, it is impractical at large scales. Instead, household surveys based upon informant recall of fish caught and/or consumed are frequently used. However, the accuracy of weight recall by informants (even over short recall periods) has not been established. Using data from household surveys, the accuracy and precision of catch and consumption estimates derived from: (a) asking informants to recall weights of fish caught and (b) asking respondents to recall lengths of fish caught and converting to weight were tested. Length‐based methods, using visual aids to assist recall, were more accurate, precise and correctable. These methods could be useful for catch estimation, especially where fish are processed, sold or consumed shortly after capture.     

基于农户视角的城郊区葡萄种植效益分析

基于陕西省西安市鄠邑区葡萄种植户的调查数据,在构建农户层面效益评价指标体系的基础上,评价了农户种植葡萄的效益状况。结果表明:第一,农户葡萄种植效益整体位于中等偏下的水平;第二,高效益农户与低效益农户在经济效益、生态效益以及就业机会上存在显著差异,而在对子女和老人的照顾上差异不大;第三,经验丰富、种植规模较大的纯农业型农户的效益较高。节水灌溉技术有助于提高农户的经济效益,而购买化肥的渠道、接受技术培训和有购买过假化肥经历对农户种植经济林的生态效益有影响。     

The positive relationship between soil quality and crop production: A case study on the effect of farm compost application

In order to ensure sustainable agriculture, and for evaluating the effects of management practices on soil processes, tools for assessing soil quality are required. The development and use of a multiparameter index, which includes a wide range of soil properties, have been tested and found useful by several studies. However, soil quality measurements are ‘stand-alone’ tools unless they are either linked to important soil functions, used to characterize (agro)ecosystems or used to predict sustainability or productivity. In our study, the relationship between crop production and soil quality was assessed in a six year old field experiment studying the effect of farm compost (FC) amendment in a crop rotation of potato, fodder beet, forage maize and Brussels sprouts. To justify the hypothesis that repeated FC amendment results in both improved soil quality and consequently higher crop yields, a wide range of chemical, biological and physical soil properties were measured and integrated into a soil quality index (SQI). Next, crop yields were used as a functional goal to verify the causal relationship between SQI and crop production. Our results showed that there were significant changes in chemical, physical and biological soil quality as a result of repeated FC amendment. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase in both soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N content. Microbial biomass, the relative amount of bacterivorous nematodes and earthworm number were significantly increased as well and, together with SOC and total N, indicated as the dominant factors in assessing soil quality. The integration of these key indicators into the SQI revealed higher SQI values when FC was applied. In addition, crop yields were increased in all FC treated plots by which SOC was pointed out as the most important indicator influencing crop production. Finally, a causal relationship was observed between soil quality and the yield of potato and fodder beet. We conclude that our SQI may be a promising and useful tool to compare different (soil) management practices in relation to a strategic, regional goal, e.g., sustainable high yields. Before generalizing, we recommend a thorough validation of our SQI in other long-term field experiments.     

广东郁南51年生灰木莲生长研究

研究以广东省郁南林场大东坑工区内 51 年生灰木莲 Manglietia conifera 为研究对象，对灰木莲树高、胸径、材积、树干通直度、侧枝生长习性等指标进行调查和分析。结果表明：51 年生灰木莲生长良好，胸径平均为 44.28 cm，最大为 79.60 cm，树高平均为 20.79 m，最高为 27.00 m，单株材积平均为 1.48 m3，最高为 3.65 m3。可见，灰木莲引种在广东郁南适应性强，能够生长良好，具有生长速度快，树干通直，自然整枝好等特点，是该地区可以推广种植和培育大径材的优良树种。     

藏北草原牧民可持续生计分析—以班戈县为例

运用实地调查的方法,对藏北草原牧业户和兼业户进行比较分析和回归分析,以期提高人们对藏北草原牧民生计状况的认识,并对藏北草原牧民生活水平提升和收入增长提供一定的参考依据。结果表明:班戈县牧业户呈现"低质化"特征;兼业户的资本禀赋要好于牧业户;拥有较多自然资本和经济资本的牧户习惯于以单纯依靠牧业收入作为其生计策略;拥有较多人力资本、物质资本和社会资本的牧户更愿意选择多种经营方式来获取更多收入;物质资本对牧户生计策略的影响最为显著,社会资本显著程度不高,而人力资本存量偏低。总体来说,牧民生计在提升藏北草原牧民生活水平和促进牧民收入提高过程中显得更加急迫和重要。     

Intra‐household constraints on educational attainment in rural households in Papua New Guinea

This paper examines intra‐household and socio‐cultural factors leading to differential outcomes in educational attainment by gender and birth order amongst smallholder oil palm households in Papua New Guinea. Not all children share equitably in the household resources allocated to education: females have lower average education levels than males, and high birth order children have higher education attainment than lower birth order siblings, indicating preferential parental investment in sons and early born children. The findings demonstrate that despite households having regular access to relatively high incomes from oil palm and residing in close proximity to schools, primary school net enrolment rates remain significantly lower than those for East Asia and the Pacific region, and the millennium development goal of universal primary education has not been met. This finding is likely to be the result of a combination of intra‐household factors including gender power imbalances, low parental education levels, the agency of youth in educational decision‐making and the weakening attraction of education as a means of improving income‐earning potential.     

农村户用沼气服务体系评价建模及应用——基于2010年壳牌中国能源调查河南省偃师市调研项目

作为新能源的沼气具有巨大的应用前景.近年来,在我国农村沼气事业的发展过程中出现了以服务体系不完善为主的诸多问题,如何科学、合理地评价农村沼气服务体系水平,发现原因及时解决,对我国农村能源战略的发展具有重要的现实意义.本文首先根据实地调研情况并使用专家咨询法构建了服务体系评价的指标体系；其次,建立了基于三角白化权函数的灰色评价模型；最后根据调研数据,运用评价模型分析了偃师市农村沼气服务体系的现状.