The use of urban organic wastes in the control of erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Abstract. A two year field experiment was carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean area in order to evaluate, the effect on soil erosion of adding different urban organic wastes: a stabilized municipal waste (compost), an unstabilized municipal waste, and an aerobic sewage sludge. All the treatments significantly reduced soil erosion, compared to the control soil. The soil amended with compost was the most effective treatment, reducing soil loss by 94% and runoff by 54%.     

An evaluation of the pesera soil erosion model and its application to a case study in Zakynthos, Greece

Abstract. The Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (pesera ) model was evaluated using existing soil erosion data collected under various types of climate, vegetation, landscape and soil conditions. The data used represent a variety of typical Mediterranean land uses such as winter wheat, vines, olives and bare, stony land prevailing in hilly areas. Using this data, the model was calibrated for sediment transport by overland flow and results compared to measured soil erosion values from runoff plots and a watershed on a monthly basis. The performance of the model was assessed statistically, showing that it can be satisfactorily used for predicting soil erosion rates under the conditions included in the study. The overall model estimate including all the available experimental data was 0.69 t ha^?1 yr^?1 with a maximum error of 1.49 t ha^?1 yr^?1. After validation, the model was applied to a small watershed (60 ha) of great ecological importance for the sea turtle Caretta caretta. For this purpose, soil and vegetation maps were compiled from all the necessary data for applying the model. The model was run for three years using daily data from an existing nearby meteorological station. The predicted and measured soil erosion rates for a 7‐month period were 0.31 t and 0.18 t, respectively. Application of the model to each mapping unit showed the over‐riding importance of land use for sediment generation under the given climatic conditions. Bare land, occupying 5.5% of the watershed area, generated up to 69% of the total sediments estimated for the watershed. It is concluded that the pesera model can be used as a regional diagnostic tool under a range of soil, topographic and climatic conditions for identifying the best land use type and vegetation cover to protect hilly areas from soil erosion. The calculated overall root mean square error for the model is 0.06 t ha^?1 yr^?1, compared to a soil erosion rate of 0.04 t ha^?1 yr^?1, which can be tolerated for protecting the area for the sea turtle.     

Re-defining tillage erosion: quantifying intensity–direction relationships for complex terrain

Abstract. Current tillage erosion models account for the influence of tillage direction in the magnitude of the soil (tillage) transport coefficient. It is argued here that this is counter-intuitive and causes significant problems in modelling tillage erosion in areas of complex terrain. This article examines whether a re-modelling of tillage erosion is possible that separates tillage direction (an interaction with the landform) from the soil transport coefficient (a measure of tillage intensity representing the combination of implement erosivity and soil erodibility). Experimental data for mouldboard ploughing upslope, downslope and cross-slope at Coombe Barton Farm, Devon are examined. Integration of data for all directions into a single relationship, which relates translocation in the direction of tillage to slope in the direction of tillage and translocation perpendicular to tillage to slope perpendicular to tillage, is not possible using previously published methods of analysis. However, when total translocation distance is regressed against the tangent of the slope at 45° to the tillage direction (bisecting the tillage direction and the direction of overturning) it is found that a single relationship can be used to describe tillage in all three directions. Therefore, this relationship is used to determine a single value of the soil transport coefficient ( k _fTa) for constant soil and implement conditions but different tillage directions. This redefinition of tillage is important both for true estimation of tillage erosion severity, the adirectional coefficient being 40% larger than the directional coefficient, and for modelling of tillage erosion in complex terrain. These improvements are vital when tillage erosion simulation is used to direct soil conservation strategies.     

陕甘宁老区脆弱生态环境定量评价——以榆林、延安两市为例

位于黄土高原中部的陕甘宁老区生态环境极为脆弱 ,近年来由于气候、人类开发资源等自然和人为原因 ,使生态环境的脆弱程度升高。选定年降水量、年均温、蒸发量等 8个指标 ,定量评价各县 1 970 - 2 0 0 0年的脆弱度状况 ,结果表明榆林、延安两市生态环境整体脆弱 ,脆弱度存在空间差异但差异不明显 ,时间段上的波动幅度不大。陕甘宁老区脆弱生态环境具有不稳定性 ,对外界干扰较敏感。     

不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m...     

黑土坡耕地土壤流失形态分析——以一次降雨为例

以东北黑土区典型漫岗坡耕地为研究对象,测定次降雨条件下整个集水盆地出口处的径流体积及其含沙量,研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征、碳氮富集度以及可溶性养分的流失状况。结果表明,研究区只有在强降雨的情况下才会在集水盆地尺度上发生水土流失现象。20.5 mm降雨条件下(2006年8月1日)径流泥沙含量为1.0～2.5 g/L,泥沙C、N富集系数分别为2.10和3.31。径流液中DOC的浓度介于2.47～3.93 mg/L之间,TN浓度介于1.61～3.28 mg/L之间,径流携带养分量在整个养分流失过程中是不可忽视的流失途径。侵蚀泥沙(未加分散剂)的团聚体组成和原土壤有很大差异,径流泥沙的流失主要是粒径为0.053 mm以下的团聚体,尤其是0.002～0.02 mm的粉粒团聚体为主。     

我国北方强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征分析

我国北方强风蚀区是形成沙尘天气的主要区域,本文依据各风蚀区风速的大小、走向,自然地理条件,沙化土地现状及分布特点,将我国北方沙区分为古尔班通古特沙漠西北缘、天山东段—塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘、柴达木盆地西段、河西走廊—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯—乌拉特、浑善达克沙地东北部、内蒙古东部七个强风蚀区。同时从沙化土地、降水量、风速及大风日数、沙尘天气的发生等方面对强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征进行了分析。     

区域LUCC的土壤侵蚀响应研究——以榆林市为例

借助3S技术,采用美国通用的水土流失方程(USLE),对榆林市1987,1999年和2002年的土壤水力侵蚀、生态系统土壤保持情况进行测算,在此基础上,基于G IS平台按不同区域对测算结果进行汇总。研究表明:单位面积各类生态系统保土功能排序是园地>林地>灌木林地>草地。降雨的年际变化和地形的空间差异是单位面积生态系统土壤保持量年际变化和空间差异的主导因素。1987,1999,2002年全市各类生态系统土壤保持总量分别是2.22×108t,1.96×108t和2.07×108t。研究期间(1987-2002年),全市生态系统土壤保持效率不断提高,但存在空间差异:1987,1999年南6县生态系统土壤保持总量、保持效率显著高于北6县,而2002年北6县略高于南6县;且整个研究期间北6县生态系统土壤保持效率提高显著,而南6县变化小且2002年略有下降;相对于北6县而言,南6县实际对进一步提高土壤保持效率的制约较大。     

不同生长期菌草灵芝培养基成分测定与分析

对不同生长期（接种前、出芝前、出芝后、发酵后）菌草灵芝培养基的常规营养成分及Ca、P含量进行了测定与分析,并且对出芝菌糟的粗多糖、氨基酸和重金属含量进行了测定。结果表明,灵芝菌糟营养成分含量丰富,富舍粗多糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、矿质元素、氨基酸等营养成分。重金属含量在饲料卫生标准规定的范围内,且远低于有机肥料的标准。饲用价值大小排序为发酵菌糟〉出芝菌糟〉未出芝培养料〉培养基质。菌草灵芝菌糟在用作饲料及饲料添加剂、肥料、无土栽培基质等方面具有很大的开发潜力。     

不同苗龄叶柄插接对西瓜嫁接苗生长发育的影响

试验对西瓜不同苗龄进行叶柄插接,通过对嫁接苗的成活率、株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、地下部鲜重、地下部干重、叶面积、叶绿素含量的测定.结果表明:西瓜苗待子叶展平时;子叶展平,生长点稍有突起时;西瓜苗第一片真叶半展开时这3个时期进行西瓜叶柄插接比较适宜.