不同DEM分辨率下的坡面土壤侵蚀模型的坡长因子提取对比研究

采用基于GIS的非累计流量的坡长直接提取算法(NCSL)和空间分析提取法(SAC)对陕北省安塞县10个样区的坡长进行提取,并计算相应的坡长因子。对不同DEM分辨率下的坡长提取结果对比,结果表明:NCSL对坡长的提取精度明显好于SAC的提取结果,其中DEM在5、10 m分辨率下的提取精度最好,且二者计算的坡长因子值差异不大,因此,可采用10 m分辨率NCSL方法提取坡长。     

Soil Phosphorus and Potassium Mapping Using a Spatial Correlation Model Incorporating Terrain Slope Gradient

Variable-rate fertilizer application requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil nutrients within fields. Grid soil sampling might be used for acquiring this information, but is often too expensive for resolving spatial patterns in soil nutrients at the scale of precision fertilizer application. The objective of this study was to determine whether grid sampling efficiency can be improved using cokriging estimates with slope gradient as a secondary variable, which is easily obtained from high-resolution digital elevation models. Soils in two northern Montana wheat fields were sampled at the nodes of a 100-m diagonal grid. Soil test phosphorus and potassium maps were constructed with kriging and cokriging. Co-kriging uses the spatial correlation between two variables to predict for the less intensively sampled variable of interest, often with less estimation error than a univariate method such as kriging. The average estimation variance for cokriging compared to kriging was reduced for all values of the correlation considered. The additional complexity of cokriging might be justified provided a secondary variable exists that is spatially cross correlated with the primary variable of interest.     

帽儿山的潜在沟系分析及其应用

定义了潜在沟系的概念,并将帽儿山的潜在沟系分为平行沟、陡坡显沟和平坦沼泽三种类型。同时应用ARCVIEW GIS的空间分析系统对帽儿山的潜在沟系进行了计算,结果发现：帽儿山的潜在沟系与现有沟系图非常相似,而潜在沟系比现有沟系图更细致地刻画了帽儿山的沟系特征。     

帽儿山林场集水区森林景观格局特征的研究

本文以黑龙江省帽儿山林场为研究区域,采用ArcGISIO．0空间分析模块划分该地区集水区的森林,并通过Frag＋stats3．3对帽儿山林场集水区从斑块水平和斑块类型水平上景观格局进行分析。其中,景观格局指标包括：斑块面积、面积比、斑块数、斑块密度、形状指数、分维度等。研究结果表明：软阔混交林是帽儿山林场集水区主要的森林景观类型,是其森林资源的重要组成成分,其次是硬阔混交林,柞树林,白桦林等,景观资源丰富。该地区景观特征的研究为帽儿山集水区森林景观规划、森林景观生态系统优化提供了理论参考,对改善帽儿山集水区地区森林结构、更好地实现森林空间布局的优化配置和发挥森林的生态功能等方面具有重要意义。     

新疆西天山巩留林场云杉林空间分布格局研究

以新疆天山西部云杉林为研究对象,采用Moran I指数进行量化分析,将林相图与DEM叠加后,对所得的量化结果进行分析。研究表明:云杉林基本分布在高程为1 400~2 700m的高度,其中在15~45°坡度范围内分布有77.69%的云杉林,在北、东北、西、西北的坡向上有74.75%的云杉林分布。从地形因子的角度分析,云杉林空间分布呈现明显的规律性。     

地貌晕渲图的制作方法探讨

对地图中的地貌表示方法进行分析,使用晕渲法表示地貌,使地图色调丰富。基于ARCGIS制作地貌晕渲图,加快了地图生产过程,保证了地图产品的时效性与质量。     

A geospatial and temporal framework for modeling gaseous N and other N losses from forest soils and basins,with application to the Turkey Lakes Watershed Project,in Ontario,Canada

This article quantifies pre- to post-harvest gaseous N emissions and other N losses from forest soils and basins geospatially and temporally via digital elevation and hydrological modeling, using daily rain, snow and air temperature records, annual atmospheric N deposition rates, and basin-specific soil and forest specifications as input. The approach relates gaseous N losses from soils to soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) as affected by the depth-to-water (DTW) below the soil surface. The approach is applied to the Turkey Lakes Watershed Project (TLW) in Ontario, 60 km north of Sault St. Marie, where basin-wide N losses due to denitrification would mostly be restricted to the wetland portions of the basin. Basin-wide N losses via denitrification and stream export (mineral N and dissolved organic N) were empirically related to upland N mineralization and soil leaching as controlling processes. The calibrated model calculations, set to conform to the field-monitored N concentrations in TLW streams, suggest that the harvest-induced nitrification and denitrification pulses would be strongest near the end of the first post-harvest year, dropping to background levels within about 4–5 years later. The article concludes with assessing basin-specific denitrification efficiencies in relation to atmospheric N deposition and basin-to-basin wetland coverage.     

Investigation on pistachio distribution in the mountain regions of northeast Iran by ALOS

Iran supports five different vegetation zones. One of those is the Irano-Touranian zone that is located in the northeast of Iran. This vegetation zone includes arid and semi-arid lands, and its area is about 3.5 million hm². It supports growth of pistachio (Pistacia vera), a deciduous-broadleaved species, which is one of the ecologically and economically most important native species. In this study, we analyzed three images acquired by ALOS satellite, including 10m resolution multispectral band (AVNIR-2), 2.5 m resolution “Backward” PRISM image, and 2.5 m resolution “Nadir” PRISM image, based on a provided rational polynomial coefficient (RPC). Using the “Backward” and “Nadir” images, a 2.5 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) was produced. Four methods with AVNIR-2 and PRISM data were used to produce pan-sharpening images and conduct an object-based feature extraction process. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to determine the maximum distribution of pistachio in related elevation. The accuracy of the DEM was tested on 28 ground control points in the pair image as tie points, with the value of parallax error of 0.9027 m. The created elevation map indicated that pistachio trees grow up at 650m above sea level (a.s.l.). The result from NDVI in the related elevation showed the maximum density of pistachio at 800m a.s.l. In addition, the result of feature extraction in the forest showed the area of each target element calculated. The results of this research will improve decision-making and lead to sustainable management in general.     

水系标志在大兴安岭中生代火山岩识别中的应用

水系类型、发育程度及组合状态可以直观反映一定的岩石类型与地质构造特点。基于大兴安岭研究区数字高程模型(DEM)数据通过D8算法对该地区水系进行提取,并经过与1∶50 000遥感影像叠加对比,结果表明基本吻合,提取效果理想,水系级别达到五级以及对1∶50 000遥感影像水系提取可以利用同区DEM代替。通过分析判断水系形式的发育特征,对区内岩石类型的划分和构造进行了准确的解译,取得显著且准确的成果。     

基于ArcGIS环境下DEM流域特征提取及应用

该文详细介绍了ArcGIS9.2中的水文分析工具箱的使用方法,包括从原始DEM数据提取河网的步骤、应注意的问题等。研究区域选取位于北京山区的红门川小流域,采用1∶10000的比例尺、10m分辨率的DEM作为基本的地形数据,应用ESRI公司开发的ArcGIS9.2地理信息系统软件进行流域水文信息特征的提取;并利用SWAT模型运行水文响应单元(HRUs)的生成,共生成了25个子流域和92个HRUs。经分析,得到的研究区域河网特征以及研究区其他常用的流域特征信息,与实际河流水系特征基本吻合,因此应用DEM划分的流域结果是合理的。