Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide and 24-Epibrassinolide on the Physiological Characteristics of Peanut Seedlings Under Cadmium Stress

Cadmium(Cd) is highly toxic to plants, animals, and humans. Limited information is available on the role of nitric oxide(NO)and/or 24-epibrassinolide(EBR) in response of plants to Cd stress. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate the effects of NO and/or EBR on peanut plants subjected to Cd stress(200 μmol L~(-1)) with sodium nitroprusside(SNP, an exogenous NO donor)(250 μmol L~(-1)) and/or EBR(0.1 μmol L~(-1)) addition. The results showed that Cd exposure inhibited plant growth, and this stress was alleviated by exogenous NO or EBR, and especially the combination of the two. Treatment with Cd inhibited the growth of peanut seedlings, decreased chlorophyll content, and significantly increased the Cd concentration in plants. Furthermore, the concentration of reactive oxygen species(ROS) markedly increased in peanut seedlings under Cd stress, resulting in the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA) and proline in leaves and roots. Under Cd stress, applications of SNP, EBR, and especially the two in combination significantly reduced the translocation of Cd from roots to leaves, increased the chlorophyll content, decreased the concentrations of ROS, MDA, and proline, and significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT) in peanut seedlings. Exogenous NO and/or EBR also stimulated the activities of nitrate reductase(NR)and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) and increased the contents of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid(AsA) and reduced glutathione(GSH). Furthermore, exogenous NO and/or EBR enhanced Cd accumulation in the cell wall and thus decreased Cd distribution in the organelles in the roots. The concentrations of calcium(Ca), iron(Fe), magnesium(Mg), and zinc(Zn) were also regulated by exogenous NO or EBR, and especially by the two in combination. These results indicated that SNP and EBR, alone and particularly in combination, can mitigate the negative effects of Cd stress in peanut plants.     

宁夏回族自治区扬黄灌区密植高产玉米磷素吸收利用特征及适宜用量分析

利用田间试验的方法,研究磷肥(P_2O_5)施用量对宁夏扬黄灌区密植高产玉米产量、磷素吸收积累特征,明确宁夏扬黄灌区玉米生产适宜磷肥用量,以指导当地玉米生产。以正大12为供试材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,在玉米密度为9.75万株/hm~2条件下设置5个磷肥(P_2O_5)用量0、45、90、135和180 kg/hm~2,N 300.0 kg/hm~2和K_2O 75.0 kg/hm~2均一致。从磷肥(P_2O_5)对密植玉米产量、经济效益、土壤磷素平衡和磷肥利用效率的影响进行分析。结果表明:施用磷肥(P_2O_5)增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,增产率为3.1%～7.8%,通过产量获得磷肥(P_2O_5)效应方程为Y=-0.053 7x~2+15.803x+15 450(R~2=0.981 9~*),通过模拟计算最高产量P_2O_5用量为147.1 kg/hm~2,从实际最佳经济产量P_2O_5用量为112.2 kg/hm~2。经济效益角度分析P_2O_5用量在135 kg/hm~2时利润最高,比对照增收5.7%。施用磷肥(P_2O_5)促进了玉米磷素的吸收累积,籽粒、秸秆和地上部磷素累积量,100 kg籽粒需P_2O_5量均随磷肥(P_2O_5)用量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,均以施P_2O_5 135 kg/hm~2最高,较对照分别提高24.0%、19.3%、22.1%和15.7%。P_2O_5用量为135 kg/hm~2时磷肥利用效率最高为36.2%(P0.05),磷肥偏生产力、磷肥农学效率和生理利用效率均随着磷肥用量增加呈下降趋势。施P_2O_5量为45～135 kg/hm~2时耕层土壤速效磷均为当季匮缺。从玉米产量、经济效益、土壤磷素平衡和磷肥利用效率多个角度综合分析认为研究区域密植高产玉米磷肥(P_2O_5)用量适宜的范围为135～147 kg/hm~2。     

Source of mycorrhizal inoculum influences growth of Faidherbia albida seedlings

Poor land use management and practice inhibit the growth and establishment of tree seedlings in dryland areas.We assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM)status of Faidherbia albida(Del.)A.Chev.trees grown on different land uses.We quantified the growth and nutrient uptake of F.albida seedlings inoculated with AM from different sources.These efforts were based on soil and fine root samples from the rhizosphere soils of F.albida trees.AM root colonization was determined using the gridline intersect method.Spores were extracted by the wet sieving and decanting method and identified to genus level.The seedling experiment had a completely randomized onefactorial design with four treatments and five replications.Faidherbida albida seedlings were grown in a greenhouse.All in situ F.albida trees were colonized by AM fungi.AM root colonization of F.albida trees was significantly higher(P<0.0086)in area exclosures than on lands used for grazing or cultivation.Spore abundance was significantly higher(P<0.0014)in area exclosures followed by cultivated land and grazing land.Glomus was the dominant genus in all land-uses.AM-inoculated F.albida seedlings grew better(P<0.05)than non-inoculated controls.Seedlings inoculated with AM from area exclosure had significantly(P<0.05)higher growth and nutrient uptake than those inoculated with AM from grazing and cultivated land.This emphasizes the importance of the native soil AM potential for better establishment of seedlings to achieve optimum plant growth improvement and assist in rehabilitation of degraded arid lands.     

温室网纹甜瓜临界氮浓度和氮营养指数模拟研究

为实现精准的氮营养诊断和指导生产,研究通过4个不同氮素水平处理的温室网纹甜瓜基质栽培试验,构建了临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并推导得到了氮素吸收和氮营养指数模型。结果表明:临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型(%N_c=4.235DW~(-0.353)_(max))揭示了植株地上部生物量和氮浓度值之间呈幂函数关系,决定系数R~2=0.814,同时得到最高和最低氮浓度稀释曲线,决定系数分别为R~2=0.808、R~2=0.810;氮素吸收模型和氮营养指数模型对网纹甜瓜营养诊断结果基本一致,植株适宜的氮素施用量为始瓜期前4.1g/株,之后1.3～2.7g/株。本研究提出的临界氮浓度、氮素吸收和氮营养指数模型,相较于传统的经验方法更具有机理性,可为温室网纹甜瓜的氮肥管理决策提供理论依据。     

Effects of zinc fertilizer amendments on yield and grain zinc concentration under controlled environment conditions

The application of zinc (Zn) fertilizer to lentil is an agronomic strategy that has the potential to improve yield and enhance grain Zn concentration. A pot study was conducted to determine if Zn fertilizer applied to three popular Saskatchewan lentil cultivars could increase yield and concentration of Zn in the grain. The effects of soil and foliar applied Zn forms, including ZnSO₄, Zn chelated with EDTA, Zn lignosulphonate, and a control were evaluated. Forms of Zn were not found to significantly increase yield (P = 0.828) or grain Zn concentration (P = 0.708) in any of the lentil cultivars tested. Fertilization with soil applied ZnSO₄ resulted in significantly (P < 0.0001) higher amounts of residual available Zn in the soil relative to other Zn treatments. Soil fertilized with ZnSO₄ had 1.13 mg kg^?1 diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Zn compared to 0.84 mg Zn kg^?1 and 0.77 mg Zn kg^?1 in the soil and foliar applied chelated Zn, respectively.     

生菜地上部镉累积规律及其与矿质元素浓度的关系

为探究镉污染条件下日光温室生菜在整个生育期内对镉的吸收规律及其与矿质元素吸收的关系,采取田间试验的方法,以立生二号生菜作为供试材料,种植在镉污染(Cd浓度1.87 mg·kg~(-1))日光温室内。在整个生育期不间断采样,测定生菜地上部Cd及Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg含量。结果表明,生菜地上部Cd浓度在苗期从2.70 mg·kg~(-1)增加到3.62 mg·kg~(-1),器官形成期从3.62 mg·kg~(-1)降低到2.40 mg·kg~(-1),抽薹期从2.40 mg·kg~(-1)降低到1.64 mg·kg~(-1)。单株生菜地上部Cd累积的速率可以用"S"型曲线方程进行描述(R~2=0.99)。苗期、器官形成期和抽薹期Cd累积速率分别为0.098、0.516、0.056μg·株~(-1)·d~(-1)。Cd与Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg浓度相关系数在整个生长阶段生菜分别为-0.77、-0.31、-0.06、0.09、0.46、-0.10,在营养生长阶段分别为-0.43、0.25、-0.06、0.16、0.56、0.41,在生殖生长阶段分别为-0.82、-0.26、0.72、0.93、0.42、0。可以得出如下结论:生菜地上部Cd浓度的变化与地上部生物量的变化高度相关,Cd浓度在苗期增加,在器官形成期和抽薹期降低。约15%的Cd累积发生在苗期,约80%的Cd累积发生在器官形成期,约5%的Cd累积发生在抽薹期。整个生长阶段生菜地上部Cd浓度和Fe浓度变化呈极显著负相关,和Ca呈显著正相关;在营养生长阶段,生菜地上部Cd浓度和Ca浓度变化呈显著正相关;在生殖生长阶段生菜地上部Cd浓度变化和Fe显著负相关,和Zn、Ca显著正相关。     

冬油菜与杂草对长期不同施肥的差异性适应

研究长期水旱轮作条件下,施肥模式对田间冬油菜、杂草、土壤养分及冬油菜–杂草空间分布的影响,为长江流域冬油菜轻简化生产提供依据。2011年在湖北省粮油主产区——江汉平原布置水稻–冬油菜轮作肥效定位试验。2016年冬油菜收获期,调查农田杂草群落多样性和分析油菜–杂草–土壤养分三者状况。结果表明,长期土壤养分亏缺会显著影响油菜–杂草的生长和空间分布、形成不同的杂草优势群落。平衡施肥(NPK处理)有助于增加冬油菜根茎粗、有效分枝数、角果数和最终产量,降低杂草总生物量,提高杂草群落多样性Shannon-Wiener指数。与NPK处理相比,–N、–P和–K均会不同程度地降低籽粒、茎秆、角壳和杂草的养分吸收量,尤以–P处理降幅最为明显。与土壤养分含量的初始值相比,长期不施用化肥会引起土壤氮磷钾有效含量下降,尤其对于土壤钾,现有平衡施肥措施不足以弥补农田钾素亏缺,应重视秸秆还田的补钾效果。总之,长期科学的农田养分管理与调控措施,不仅可以降低杂草对冬油菜的危害、增强生物多样性和形成良性的油菜-杂草竞争环境,也有利于减少化学药剂使用、推动冬油菜的轻简化生产。     

刈割次数对紫花苜蓿镉吸收影响及生理响应

采用盆栽试验研究了4种镉(Cd)浓度(0,10,25,50mg/kg)下,刈割次数(1次,2次,3次)对紫花苜蓿生长和Cd累积量的影响及其生理响应。结果发现,多次刈割提高了紫花苜蓿地上部分的生长速率,促进了地上部分生物量的累积,3次刈割下地上部平均生长速率可达61.6mg/(株·d),但3次刈割显著抑制了根系的生长(P0.05)。生长季内2次和3次刈割可以促进根系Cd吸收,增加地上部分Cd累积量,进而提高紫花苜蓿Cd富集量,单株最大镉积累量出现在25mg/kg Cd浓度的2次刈割处理中,达到75.98μg/株。同时,2次或3次刈割会降低紫花苜蓿相对电导率、MDA含量,增加脯氨酸含量,改善紫花苜蓿在Cd胁迫下的生理状况。综合分析表明,当土壤Cd浓度不高于25mg/kg时,紫花苜蓿生长季内2次刈割可以提高Cd污染土壤修复效率。     

植物对镉毒害的形态和生理响应研究进展

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has posed an increasing challenge to environmental quality and food security.In recent years,phytoremediation has been particularly scrutinized because it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly,especially the use of metal-hyperaccumulating plants to extract or mine heavy metals from polluted soils.Under Cd stress,responses of hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator plants differ in morphological responses and physiological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration,uptake,transport,and assimilation of minerals and nitrogen,and water uptake and transport,which contribute to their ability to accumulate and detoxify Cd.This review aims to provide a brief overview of the recent progresses in the differential responses of hyperaccumulator and non-accumulator plants to Cd toxicity in terms of growth and physiological processes.Such information might be useful in developing phytoremediation technology for contaminated soils.