红松种子园经济效益分析

文章通过辽宁清河城红松种子园建设投资及生产效益调查,运用技术经济分析方法,对清河城红松种子园的费用、收益和经济效益进行了全面分析,结果表明,营建红松种子园经济效益巨大,每公顷种子园一个生产周期,可创利68965540.09元,是投资的160倍,投资收益率高达11.2%,1元投资可带来102.98元的直接收益。种子收益是营建红松种子园最直接的效益,可长期持续高效获得。     

林业制度性因素对商品林发展的影响

以集体林区的林业生产经营为背景、以商品林的经营为研究对象,采用制度性因素和其他因素相互作用下构成的成本效益与风险的分析框架,着重分析了林业制度性因素对林业发展的影响。通过研究认为,制度性因素是经济激励的基础以及保证经营主体获得和实现预期收益的前提条件,但只有在同时突破自然条件、技术条件、市场条件和制度条件的制约后,林业经营主体才能保证获得较好的预期收益以及预期收益得到保障和实现,进而农民及其他社会的力量将投资于林业的建设。     

华北平原旱地不同熟制作物产量、效益和水分利用比较

针对华北平原地下水超采严重,通过研究雨养旱作条件下不同熟制的产量、投入产出和水分利用效率,探索华北平原缺水区雨养旱作条件下的节水种植制度,可为地下水超采提供技术支撑。以当地主栽种植模式冬小麦和夏玉米一年2熟种植和春玉米一年1熟种植为研究对象,通过大田试验对雨养旱作条件下冬小麦、夏玉米和春玉米3种作物构成的2种种植制度的产量、耗水、投入、产出进行分析。试验于2007—2013年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站进行,该站为华北平原高产农区的典型代表。试验共设2个处理,T1为冬小麦-夏玉米一年2熟制,T2为春玉米一年1熟制。T1中的冬小麦生育期为每年的10月中上旬至翌年的6月中旬,夏玉米为6月中下旬至10月上旬,冬小麦品种大部分年份为‘科农199’,夏玉米品种为‘郑单958’。T2中春玉米的生育期为每年的5月中下旬至当年的9月上中旬,品种为‘农大108’、‘浚单20’、‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’。试验区从2007年9月至2013年6月一直未灌溉,为雨养旱作条件。研究结果表明,雨养旱作条件下,冬小麦产量基本稳定;夏玉米和春玉米产量随年型不同波动较大,尤其是夏玉米产量受播种时土壤含水量的影响较大,很多年份由于干旱少雨,玉米出苗时间推迟,导致玉米产量大幅度降低。T1比T2虽然具有明显的产量优势,增产34.1%,但由于冬小麦生产投入较高,T1的净收益比T2低279.97元·hm-2。3种作物的生产投入中,农资和机械投入比例最大,劳动力投入占很小比例,农资投入中,化肥投入最高;3种作物的产投比分别为1.42、2.66和3.42,雨养旱作条件下冬小麦的产投比最低,春玉米最高。从作物的耗水结构分析,冬小麦生育期降雨较少,以消耗雨季储存于土壤中的土壤水分为主,春(夏)玉米生育期降雨较多以消耗降雨为主。目前,生产上正在自发地压缩冬小麦的种植面积,春玉米一年1熟种植面积迅速增加。因此,在保证区域粮食安全的条件下,通过调整农业种植结构可以控制水资源的过度开采,保证农业持续发展。     

Costs and benefits of wild goose conservation in Scotland

This paper applies the cost-benefit analysis framework to the issue of wild geese conservation in Scotland. Wild goose numbers have risen rapidly over the past 30 years, bringing nature conservationists into conflict with farmers whose crops are damaged. We estimate the costs of damage due to goose grazing to farmers in two goose areas, Strathbeg and Islay. Conservation benefits are estimated using a contingent valuation survey of the Scottish population, and we find that benefits outweigh costs by a very considerable margin. This can be seen as providing support for recent UK government moves to compensate farmers in goose areas in order to further conservation.     

基于成本—收益理论的社会医疗保险欺诈问题研究

通过引入成本—收益理论,对社会医疗保险制度中的欺诈问题进行研究,比较该制度中各参与主体的成本、收益构成,分析各影响因子对欺诈与反欺诈行为的影响,研究表明:欺诈与反欺诈行为受行为成本、行为收益大小的制约,且有其相应的约束条件。在此基础上,提出了相应的反欺诈对策。     

基于农户视角的北京市果类蔬菜生产分析

基于北京市果类蔬菜种植户的实地调研数据,运用描述性统计分析方法,对北京市果类蔬菜生产经营的基本特征进行了分析,在此基础上探究了种植规模、种植技术、流通情况、市场基础建设、农民专业合作社和蔬菜生产支持政策对果类蔬菜生产经营所产生的影响。进一步地,将两个不同年度的果类蔬菜生产情况进行对比,从动态视角研究了近四年北京市果类蔬菜生产的发展变化。主要研究结论为:(1)北京市果类蔬菜生产经营主体主要为小规模农户;(2)蔬菜种植户的老龄化趋势明显;(3)农户对于种菜新技术的需求不断增长;(4)土地规模、种菜技术、市场基础建设和政府政策均对蔬菜生产有着显著正向影响;(5)政府对果类蔬菜产业的支持力度持续增大。     

Review and quantitative assessment of ex situ household rainwater harvesting systems in Ethiopia

Ex situ household rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have been introduced at a large scale in Ethiopia to increase the water availability for smallholders through supplementary irrigation. The first objective of this paper is to review the performance of these systems in Ethiopia based on various assessment studies. The second objective is to provide quantitative biophysical and socio-economic analyses of ex situ household RWH systems contributing to the better understanding of their performance and the identification of options to improve their performance. Uptake of RWH systems by smallholders in Ethiopia is limited and the available information suggests that this is associated among others with poor planning and implementation, poorly functioning input and output markets and the lack of farmers’ skills to use these systems effectively. Our quantitative meta-analyses illustrate that water availability of three studied RWH systems is low in relation to crop water needs, particularly for maize. The variation in area that can be irrigated across years exposes users of RWH systems to considerable risks as the availability of irrigation water depends on prevailing rainfall conditions. The area that can be irrigated varies greatly depending on amount and distribution of rainfall, type of RWH system and crop type. The economics of onion (cash crop) are promising only for plastic lined RWH systems, but those for maize are unfavourable independent of the studied RWH systems. Associated labour requirements especially for water lifting and application are high and possibly constraining the sustainable use of RWH systems. The potential of ex situ household RWH systems to increase agricultural production and income is site-specific depending on biophysical, institutional and socio-economic conditions, and depends on household-specific conditions.     

林业制度性因素对商品林发展的影响

以集体林区的林业生产经营为背景、以商品林的经营为研究对象,采用制度性因素和其他因素相互作用下构成的成本效益与风险的分析框架,着重分析了林业制度性因素对林业发展的影响。通过研究认为,制度性因素是经济激励的基础以及保证经营主体获得和实现预期收益的前提条件,但只有在同时突破自然条件、技术条件、市场条件和制度条件的制约后,林业经营主体才能保证获得较好的预期收益以及预期收益得到保障和实现,进而农民及其他社会的力量将投资于林业的建设。     

土地流转中各相关利益主体的博弈分析

为了研究如何在土地流转中扩大农户的收益分配权利,该文通过分析流转中的各相关利益主体的利益博弈,运用成本收益和利益矛盾的分析方法,得出了农户收益权受损主要在于再就业收益的不稳定、市场信息的不对称、农村社会保障体系的不健全、土地的产权不明晰和基层组织的职责不明确几个方面。因此,若想提高农户的收益权利,增强农户在土地流转各方博弈中的话语权,就必须增加劳动力转移培训和就业技能培训、建立健全信息交流平台和土地流转市场、完善农村社会保障体系、加快实施土地确权登记和明确基层组织职责权限。     

Growth of cultured seahorses (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hippocampus abdominalis</Emphasis>) in relation to feed ration

This investigation examined the effect of varying feed ratios on cultured seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) growth and survival using frozen mysids (Amblyops kempii) at daily feed rations of 5, 10, 15 or 20% wet body weight. Feeding these different feed rations did not result in any significant difference in seahorse standard length after 3 months. However, seahorses fed the 10–20% rations were heavier and with higher condition factor (CF). Based on the total amount of frozen mysids offered to the seahorses, the food conversion ratio (FCR) became less efficient with increasing feed ration. However, when the actual mysid consumption was factored in there were no significant differences in FCR. There was a significant difference in daily specific growth rate (SGR), with the 5% ration having the lowest SGR. On a cost/benefit basis, based on the total amount of mysids offered the most cost effective ration for daily length and weight increase was the 5% ration. With actual mysid consumption taken into account, cost/benefit value favoured the 5 and 10% feed rations. Survival was 100% across all treatments. Based on this, a feed ration of 5–10% wet body weight per day of frozen mysids is recommended for cultured H. abdominalis