Biological performance of a formulation containing water-dispersible copper naphthenate and sodium fluoride against decay fungi

ABSTRACT

Two formulations of wood preservative one containing water-dispersible copper naphthenate (CuN) alone and in combination with sodium fluoride (NaF) were used to treat southern pine sapwood blocks to determine the effect of the addition of sodium fluoride in the QNS on the protection against wood decay fungi using laboratory soil block tests following AWPA (American Wood protection Association) standard E10-16 [American Wood Protection Association AWPA-E10. (2016 American Wood Protection Association. (2016) Standard E10-16 Laboratory Method for Evaluating the Decay Resistance of Wood-Based Materials Against Pure Basidiomycete Cultures: Soil/Block Test. [Google Scholar]) Laboratory Method for Evaluating the Decay Resistance of Wood-based Materials Against Pure Basidiomycete Cultures: Soil/Block Test]. The standard consists in exposing treated blocks to pure monoculture of white rot (Irpex lacteus (FP-105915) and Trametes versicolor (R-105)) and brown rot fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum (Madison 617) and Postia placenta (Madison 698) during a specific period. The weight loss (WL) in percentage of treated blocks was used as an indicator of the biological performance of treated blocks against basidiomycetes at specific retentions. Minimum WL was obtained with blocks treated with the formulation containing mixture of QNS and sodium fluoride with the retention of 0.29?kg/m³ Cu and 0.51?kg/m³ of fluorine in treated blocks. A copper retention of 1.65?kg/m³ from blocks treated with formulations containing only QNS was needed to obtain similar WL to blocks containing blocks Cu++ and F? (fluorine). The lower Cu retention is attributed to a combination of the presence of the fluorine with some toxic activities against bacteria and decay and the interaction of anions fluorine and ionic Cu (II) in the aqueous treating solutions to form more soluble biological toxic hydrate of copper fluoride ((H₂O Cu (II) F2) in treated blocks compared to copper complexes less biological available in water-dispersible CuN-treated bocks.     

低毒防腐剂百菌清及铜制剂对木材尺寸稳定及力学性能的影响

百菌清（CTL）、氨浴季铵铜（ACQ）、氨溶柠檬酸铜（ACC）处理马尾松（Pinus massoniana)、毛白杨（Populus tomentosa)后对木材尺寸稳定性及MOE／MOR的影响本文进行了研究。结果表明，除剂量11．48kg/m^3的百菌清处理的毛白杨外，以上防腐剂处理试材后吸水至饱和时的尺寸稳定性与对照相比有不同程度的增加，幅度为3．9％－28．05；各处理对抗弯弹性模量（MOE）影响幅度不大，其中对于马尾松，MOE差异不明显，对于毛白杨，各处理对MOE稍有增加（百菌清乳剂处理除外），幅度6．3％－8．1之间。各制剂处理马尾松、毛白杨后对抗弯强度（MOR）影响不明显。     

南丰、衢州产区土壤及叶片中铜、锰含量的状况分析

采取南丰75个和衢州41个柑橘园土壤及叶片，对样品中铜和锰的含量进行分析。结果表明：南丰和衢州柑橘园土壤有效铜均表现为过量。其中，南丰土壤有效铜平均含量为3.00mg/kg，铜过量比例为85.3%；衢州土壤有效铜含量平均为3.68 mg/kg，铜过量比例为95.1%。南丰柑橘园土壤有效锰含量平均为7.41 mg/kg，缺乏比例为22.7%，适量比例为77.3%；衢州柑橘园土壤锰含量平均为7.21 mg/kg，缺乏比例为26.8%，适量比例为73.2%。南丰和衢州柑橘叶片铜含量均表现为过量。其中，南丰柑橘叶片铜含量平均为54.68mg/kg，过量比例为98.7%；衢州柑橘叶片铜含量平均为51.49mg/kg，过量比例为95.1%。南丰柑橘叶片锰含量平均为117.78 mg/kg，过量比例为78.7%；衢州柑橘叶片锰含量平均为99.79 mg/kg，过量比例仅为2.4%，其余均为适量。     

铜对圆锯片热应力的影响与研究

通过锯切木材试验,分别对锯身槽上嵌铜和不嵌铜设计的同条件下木工圆锯片,进行定点温度、横向摆动量和噪声参数的测量;并结合有限元热应力场分布与计算,以及铜材理化试验分析等手段,得出其嵌铜锯片消除热应力性能好,振声性能较高,锯片使用寿命延长等结论,并提出减振降噪的措施与建议,为优化圆锯片的设计工作提供参考依据。     

一氧化氮对铜、镉胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

利用一氧化氮供体硝普纳（sodium nitroprusside,SNP）,研究了一氧化氮对铜、镉胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗的活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明：在200μM的CuCl2或CdCl2处理下,25～200uM的SNP能够提高平邑甜茶幼苗根系和叶片的SOD,POD活性,降低根系和叶片的超氧阴离子（O-2）产生速率及丙二醛（MDA）含量,表明适当浓度的一氧化氮可以通过提高部分抗氧化酶活性来缓解铜、镉胁迫对平邑甜茶幼苗的伤害。     

铜、锌离子影响丹参金属硫蛋白MT2基因表达

植物金属硫蛋白在金属离子的储存、运输和代谢及降低重金属离子的毒性等方面起着重要作用本文研究了Cu2 、Zn2 对丹参毛状根中金属硫蛋白基因表达的影响.以6,7-V为液体培养基,分别以缺乏正常及原培养基100、500、1 000倍的cu2 、Zn2 处理,采用半定量PCR法检测不同时间点时金属硫蛋基因的表达情况.结果发现Cu2 、Zn2 诱导金属硫蛋基因的表达量分别在100倍处理量时的9 h和6 d达到峰值Cu2 、Zn2 能显著诱导丹参金属硫蛋白基因的表达,该基因可能在丹参对铜、锌元素的吸收方面发挥着重要的作用.     

自然植物群落对铜尾矿废弃地土壤酶活性的影响

在铜陵铜矿区堆存着大量的不同时期弃置的尾矿废弃物,形成大面积铜尾矿废弃地。为了解自然植物群落对铜尾矿废弃地酶活性的影响,对铜陵铜矿区6处不同时期弃置的铜尾矿废弃地进行了调查。结果表明,自然定居在尾矿废弃地上的植物群落类型能够显著影响表层尾矿中(0~5 cm)的脲酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶的活性。位于木贼-中华结缕草群落和白茅群落下尾矿中的几种土壤酶的活性高于位于狗牙根群落和中华结缕草群落下的尾矿中酶的活性。在所测定的4种土壤酶中,碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶的活性高于脲酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性。相关分析表明,4种土壤酶的活性与表层尾矿中的腐殖质、总氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及电导率表现出显著正相关,而芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶与pH之间存在着显著负相关。强烈氧化的表层尾矿不仅具有极端贫瘠的养分条件,同时也具有极低的土壤酶活性。     

德兴铜矿尾矿库植被重建后的土壤肥力状况和重金属污染初探

德兴铜矿是我国的超大型铜矿,尾矿砂的排放是其主要的环境问题之一,目前主要堆积于尾矿库中。1号尾矿库于1986年服役期满后共堆积矿砂2.15×107 m3,面积约210 hm2。20世纪90年代后期,在坝坡约30 hm2覆有客土的地区进行了一系列植被重建的试验研究工作,本文报道了1998年开始在旱稻(OryzaLinn.)、花生(Arachis Linn.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioidesNash)和湿地松(Pinuselliottii Engelm.)等18种不同植被组合条件下的土壤基本农化性状(pH、有机质(OM)、铵态氮、速效P、速效K)以及0.05 mol L-1 HCl可提取态重金属在3~4年时间内的变化情况,结果表明,坝坡土壤N、P、K严重不足,且保水、保肥能力弱,需要不断地进行培肥和改良。三年多来,土壤pH总体上无显著变化;OM第三年有显著上升,约为第一年的127%;NH4 N成直线下降,第二年和第三年分别为第一年的72.9%和43.0%;随着耕作实践的推移,速效P和速效K显著上升,但仍旧处于较低水平。重金属(主要是Cu)污染严重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在植物中有明显积累。研究结果强调了试验区在植被重建中不宜种植食用植物,以避免食物链的污染。     

Changes in the succession and diversity of protozoan and microbial populations in soil spiked with a range of copper concentrations

We studied microbial and protozoan activity, diversity and abundance as affected by Cu²⁺ amendments ranging from 0 to 1000 μg g⁻¹ over a 70-day period. At the end of the experiment the microbial population size, as indicated by substrate-induced respiration, had normalized for all Cu²⁺ concentrations, but 1000 μg g⁻¹. Protozoan abundance was negatively affected by Cu²⁺, although, only in the first few weeks. A more detailed analysis of the individual components that make up the microbial and micro-faunal populations (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile and protozoan morphotypes), however, yielded a somewhat more complex picture. For the three highest Cu²⁺ amendments (160, 400 and 1000 μg g⁻¹), there still was a significant reduction in number of differentiable protozoan morphotypes. The bacterial PLFA pattern suggested a shift from Gram-negative towards Gram-positive bacteria for the high amendments, a process where protozoan grazing most likely played a significant role. The ratio of the trans/cis isomers of the 16:1ω7 fatty acid indicated that Cu²⁺, even at low and medium concentrations, induced physiological changes in the microbial population. The relatively slight changes in total microbial and micro-faunal abundance and activity, also at the highest Cu²⁺ concentrations, probably reflected the ability of the community to compensate for loss of taxa by functional substitution.