绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响

为研究绿肥（豌豆）翻压后合理施用肥料问题,采用田间小区试验,在翻压绿肥的基础上通过减少基肥用量和控释肥代替部分基肥,研究其对烟叶产量、产值和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压可以提高低有机质土壤（有机质含量<10 g/kg）的有机质含量,对其他土壤化学性质无显著影响;绿肥翻压后将基肥减少15%和30%对烟叶产量、产值无显著影响,对烟叶化学成分无明显影响。在减少15%基肥后,将剩余基肥的50%以控释肥代替,可以显著提高烟叶产量和产值,提高烟叶钾含量和钾/氯比,改善烟叶品质。     

包膜尿素与普通尿素配施减氮对夏玉米产量及氮肥效率的影响

为探求减氮增效技术、实现夏玉米科学施肥,通过田间试验,研究了包膜尿素与普通尿素配施及氮肥减施对夏玉米产量、养分吸收利用和土壤氮素的影响。结果表明:夏玉米施氮显著增产7.53%~16.28%,氮素积累量增加15.66%~29.16%,氮肥利用率为19.66%~42.28%;包膜尿素与普通尿素配施一次施肥,提高了夏玉米灌浆期叶绿素含量(SPAD值),可获得较高产量,且包膜尿素比例越大,氮肥农学效率和利用率越高。本试验条件下,施氮145.6 kg/hm2(75%包膜尿素+25%普通尿素)基本实现了高产、高效、简化施肥,可在豫北地区推广应用。     

控失尿素与普通尿素配施对水稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

为探讨控失尿素与普通尿素配施在海南省水稻上的应用效果，通过 2016 年和 2017 年两季田间试验，采用随 机区组设计，以不施氮肥处理作为对照（CK），设置常规尿素（CU）与控失尿素（CLU）不同配施比例，在等氮量条 件下，设 100% CU、70% CU+30% CLU、50% CU+50% CLU、30% CU+70% CLU 和 100% CLU 5 个处理，分析水稻叶 绿素含量、稻谷产量及其构成因子、氮吸收累积量、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益等指标。结果显示，施氮显著增加稻 谷产量，与 CK 相比，增幅为 67.2%~82.0%（2016 年）和 36.7%~46.7%（2017 年）。30% CU+70% CLU 的稻谷产量和 有效穗均显著高于 100% CU 处理，产量增幅为 8.8%（2016 年）和 7.3%（2017 年），有效穗数增幅为 14.2%（2016 年） 和 12.0%（2017 年）。随着 CLU 所占比例的提高，水稻地上部氮吸收累积量、氮肥回收利用率和农学利用率均呈增加 趋势。与 100% CU 处理相比，其余控失尿素处理的氮肥回收利用率增幅为 12.3%~18.4%（2016 年）和 12.7%~17.7%（2017 年），氮肥农学利用率增幅为 20.8%~21.9%（2016 年）和 16.8%~23.5%（2017 年）。随着 CLU 所占比例的提高，水稻 总产值和相对净收益呈先增加后降低的趋势，30% CU+70% CLU 处理达到最大。综上所述，在本试验条件下，30% CU+70% CLU 能够获得较高的稻谷产量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益，其可作为该地区氮肥施用的推荐比例。     

Synthesis of highly intercalated urea-clay nanocomposite via domestic montmorillonite as eco-friendly slow-release fertilizer

The present study describes the preparation and characterization of montmorillonite-urea nanocomposites (Mt-Ur) using aqueous suspension technique at various stirring times and different ratio of montmorillonite to urea (Mt/Ur) via an impure and domestic montmorillonite (Mt), without the application of any chemical reagents and high-energy-demand process (environmentally friendly). The intercalation of urea into Mt interlayer was clearly demonstrated by a significant expansion of d₀₀₁ spacing (interlayer space of Mt) from 1.23 to 1.71 nm which has not yet been reported by aqueous suspension technique. Analyses performed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) also confirmed the effectiveness of this simple process to intercalate the urea into clay lamella. The release pattern demonstrated that the nanocomposite had a slow-release behaviour for urea dissolution. The results also suggested that the Mt type applied in the current study, in a 1:20 Mt/Ur ratio and stirred for 1 h, possessed desirable ecological and economic efficiency in the production of slow-release urea fertilizer due to the application of the impure and domestic clay which is of very low-cost and eco-friendly. Nevertheless, urea was fully intercalated into the interlayer of clay by a simple technique and with a good slow-release behaviour.     

生物能尿素对水稻生长发育和产量的影响

[目的]改进氮肥投入方式,促进水稻增产增效。[方法]以光明粳2号、2645品系为材料进行大田试验,研究生物能尿素与传统尿素对水稻生长发育和产量的影响。[结果]生物能尿素对于提高水稻产量具有一定的作用,产量增加的主要原因是千粒重和每穗粒数提高,一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数与常规尿素相比均有不同程度的增加,并且能够促进水稻前期分蘖以及植株高度。[结论]生物能尿素处理各方面均优于常规尿素处理,在生产上可以进行推广使用。     

Leaching and Recovering of Nitrogen Following N Fertilizers Application to the Soil in a Laboratory Study

Following soil fertilization, nitrogen (N) is partially lost. The objective of this study was to evaluate leaching and recovery of N after addition of fertilizers to the soil. Two experiments were conducted in leaching columns submitted to frequent water percolations. In the leaching experiment, urea, ammonium nitrate, and six coated N fertilizers were utilized; in the N recovery experiment, treatments consisted of urea, potassium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate, combined or not with percolation. Percolations were performed weekly with quantification of ammonium and nitrate in the percolated. The recovered N was obtained by summing total N percolated with N in the soil. Nitrate leaching was highest from amide-N fertilizers, with no differences between them showing that coating urea was not efficient to decrease N leaching. Nitric fertilizers had the lowest recovery of N, probably due to the occurrence of denitrification caused by the frequent water percolation.     

Impact of foliar nickel application on urease activity,antioxidant metabolism and control of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean plants

Nickel (Ni) is a cofactor for urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological impact of Ni on urea, antioxidant metabolism and powdery mildew severity in soybean plants. Seven levels of Ni (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g ha^?1) alone or combined with the fungicides fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin were applied to soybean plants. The total Ni concentration ranged from 3.8 to 38.0 mg kg^?1 in leaves and 3.0 to 18.0 mg kg^?1 in seeds. A strong correlation was observed between Ni concentration in the leaves and seeds, indicating translocation of Ni from leaves to seeds. Application of Ni above 60 g ha^?1 increased lipid peroxidation in the leaf tissues, indicative of oxidative stress. Application of 40 g ha^?1 Ni combined with 300 mL ha^?1 of fungicide reduced powdery mildew severity by up to 99%. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and urease enzyme activity were greatest under these conditions. Urea concentration decreased in response to Ni application. Urease activity in soybean leaves showed a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The leaf Ni concentration showed a positive correlation with the urease and a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The results of this study suggest that urease is a key enzyme regulated by Ni and has a role in host defence against powdery mildew by stimulating antioxidant metabolism in soybean plants.     

种植密度和施肥水平对青海旱地覆膜种植甜高粱草产量及品质的影响

以甜高粱(Sorghum dochna)吉甜5号和九甜杂3号为材料,在海拔2 040m的青海旱地覆膜进行了不同种植密度(行株距分别为40cm×40cm、40cm×30cm、40cm×20cm)和追施不同尿素量(0、150和225kg·hm~(-2))对草产量及品质影响的研究。结果显示,吉甜5号和九甜杂3号两个品种在行距×株距为40cm×20cm(12.00万穴·hm~(-2))时的鲜草产量和干草产量最高,鲜草产量分别达99.75和108.17t·hm~(-2),干草产量分别达17.89和22.58t·hm~(-2);在生长中期追施150kg·hm~(-2)尿素时草产量较高,品质较好,两个品种的粗蛋白分别达5.47%和4.80%,粗脂肪分别达5.67和7.57g·kg~(-1),酸性洗涤纤维较低,综合表现良好。以上结果表明,青海旱地甜高粱种植密度为12.00万穴·hm~(-2),生长中期追施尿素150kg·hm~(-2)最为适宜。     

Effects of vermicompost and urea fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Vetiveria zizanioides stapf. grown under drought stress conditions

The use of vermicompost as a bio-fertilizer and urea (as chemical fertilizer) under drought stress conditions was tested in this research. Accordingly, a pot experiment was carried out and the seedlings of vetivergrass (Vetiveriazizanioides stapf.) were grown in the greenhouse at Malayer University. The experiment was conducted based on factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design using five replications. Irrigation levels included field capacity (FC) (as control), 60% FC and 30% FC. Vermicompost applications included zero (as control), 40, and 60% which were expressed as VC1, VC2, and VC3. Urea application levels included zero (0), 100, or 200 mg per kg per pot which were expressed as U1, U2, and U3, respectively. The highest and the lowest values of total protein contents (μMg-1 fresh weight (FW)), calcium and magnesium concentrations (mg g^?1 dry weight (DW)), and survival capacity (%) of the vetivergrass were found in the FC × VC3 × U3 and 30% FC × VC1 × U1 treatments, respectively, whereas the maximum and the minimum values of essential oil contents (%) were seen in the 60% FC × VC3 × U3 and FC × VC1 × U1 treatments, respectively. A different trend was seen in the changes of total chlorophyll content (%) values and the highest and the lowest values were found in the 60% FC × VC3 × U3 and 30% FC × VC1 × U1 treatments, respectively. However, the root dry weight increased significantly as the soil moisture content, percentage of vermicompost, or urea addition decreased.     

鸡粪的施用对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响,本试验以薄皮甜瓜DX108为试验材料,以尿素为氮源的处理为对照(CK),研究了相同施氮量条件下,鸡粪与尿素配施(A)以及鸡粪(B)对甜瓜果实葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的影响,分析了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS,蔗糖合成与分解方向)、酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性。结果表明,与CK相比,B、A明显促进了果实中果糖、蔗糖及葡萄糖积累,尤其是显著增加了成熟果实中这3种糖的含量。相关性分析表明,CK的甜瓜果实蔗糖积累与AI活性呈显著负相关,葡萄糖与SPS和SS(蔗糖合成酶)合成方向酶活性呈显著正相关;A和B果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖积累(除B中葡萄糖积累)与SPS、NI活性呈显著或极显著正相关,与SS分解方向酶活性呈极显著负相关,而A果实中葡萄糖积累与SPS和NI活性呈极显著正相关。综上所述,A和B提高了果实中SPS、NI活性,降低了SS分解方向酶活性,进而促进了糖的积累。本研究结果为有机肥替代化学氮肥在甜瓜生产上的应用提供了理论依据。