Response of the soil macrofauna abundance and community structure to drought stress under agroforestry system in southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

ABSTRACT

Soil macrofauna is vital for soil functions and soil-mediated processes in all ecosystems. However, environmental perturbations, such as drought, that threaten both the abundance and function of soil macrofauna remain mostly unexplored, particularly in an agroforestry system. We investigated the effects of drought on soil macrofauna abundance and vertical distribution under three different planting systems including two intercropping systems, comprising Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) intercropped with soybean (Glycine max) (Z-G) or bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) (Z-C), and one monoculture system, comprising only Z. bungeanum (Z). Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm, and soil macrofauna and chemical properties were analyzed. Soil dryness negatively affected soil macrofauna in all planting systems. Drought reduced the total macrofauna density, biomass, genera richness, and Pielou’s evenness. Additionally, drought significantly decreased density and biomass of Drawida and Eisenia but had no effect on Carabid beetles. Soil macrofauna density was highest in the Z-G intercropping system and higher at 0–10 cm than at other soil depths. These results indicate that intercropping soybean rather than bell pepper increases the abundance and biomass of soil macrofauna, and drought remarkably impacts the response of soil macrofauna to planting systems.     

不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m–2、1.42～1.68 m·m–2和1.88～2.25 m·m–2;(3)1 a时CK、SHA和SA措施的细沟宽深比随坡长变化幅度较大,随着恢复年限增加,宽深比则呈下降趋势,CK、SHA措施和SA措施的细沟密度和细沟侵蚀量均随坡长增加呈增大趋势;(4)与CK相比,1 a时SHA和SA措施边坡细沟侵蚀模数分别减小25.0%和25.86%,两种措施减蚀效果差别不大,而3 a时则分别减小了61.73%和35.31%,SHA措施减蚀效果显著增强。研究结果可以为矿区排土场边坡的植被合理布设提供科学依据与理论指导。     

锯木灰渣改良退化菜园紫色土壤的效果研究

以重庆市九龙坡区白市驿镇蔬菜基地为试验平台,通过大田试验,研究了锯木灰渣不同施用量还田1年后对酸性紫色土改良效果,并进一步分析了锯木灰渣对土壤微生物群落及微生物碳、氮的影响,以期为紫色菜园退化土壤养分和酸化的修复提供合理措施,同时实现循环农业的可持续发展。结果表明:(1)锯木灰渣施用能显著提高蔬菜产量,且随着施用量的增加呈增加趋势,其中锯木灰渣施用量为18 000 kg hm~(-2)时,产量较未施用锯木灰渣(A0)处理显著提高了76.1%~121.9%;(2)经锯木灰渣处理的退化紫色土表层和亚表层的有机质含量和pH提高,尤其是锯木灰渣施用量为18 000 kg hm~(-2)的改良效果较佳,但是过高的锯木灰渣施用量处理对土壤交换性H~+、Al~(3+)效果反而下降,而施用量为12 000~15 000 kg hm~(-2)处理的效果较佳,其中表层土壤交换性H~+、Al~(3+)分别为0.19~0.20,0.63~0.67 cmol kg~(-1);(3)12 000~15 000 kg hm~(-2)的锯木灰渣施用量对土壤碱解氮和速效钾的提升效果较佳,18 000 kg hm~(-2)处理的有效磷含量最大,较A0处理增加了55.3 mg kg~(-1);(4)无论在表层土壤还是亚表层土壤中,细菌的种群数量分布最多,其次为真菌和放线菌,分别在12 000,9 000,6 000 kg hm~(-2)锯木灰渣施用量下的种群数量达到最大值;9 000~12 000 kg hm~(-2)处理对提高表层土壤微生物量碳含量较为明显,较A0显著提高了70.4%~78.7%,18 000 kg hm~(-2)处理的土壤微生物生物量氮(SMBN)含量最大(40.54 mg kg~(-1)),其次为9 000 kg hm~(-2)处理(34.32 mg kg~(-1))。综上,锯木灰渣施用量为12 000~15 000 kg hm~(-2)时对退化紫色土的改良效果较好。     

生物质飞灰对餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化的影响

为解决餐厨垃圾在厌氧消化过程中的酸抑制问题,并为生物质飞灰提供新的资源化利用途径,在产酸相中添加不同比例的飞灰,研究了生物质飞灰对餐厨垃圾中温两相厌氧消化过程中产酸和产气的影响。结果表明:添加生物质飞灰可以提高酸化相的p H值,促进餐厨垃圾酸化,添加3%的生物质飞灰,产酸相的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的平均浓度为9 845.45 mg·L-1,比空白处理(CK)提高了49.66%,差异显著;添加3%生物质飞灰处理的产甲烷相更稳定,产气效果更好,累积产气量为27.43 L,比0、1%、4%和5%的飞灰添加比例分别高了25.15%、13.70%、4.34%和6.55%;添加3%生物质飞灰处理的平均负荷产气量为490.33 m L·g VS-1,比0、1%、4%和5%的飞灰添加比例平均值分别提高了22.49%、12.35%、6.36%和8.22%。研究表明,添加生物质飞灰有助于促进餐厨垃圾酸化和提高产甲烷相的产气量;在高有机负荷的时候,添加生物质飞灰有助于提高系统运行的稳定性。     

赤泥与粉煤灰固稳疏浚底泥磷的研究

底泥疏浚是解决水体富营养化的重要举措之一,如何有效处理疏浚底泥已经成为亟待解决的难题。土地利用是有效吸纳疏浚底泥的方法之一,但却存在营养元素尤其是磷元素容易流失的问题。以铝业矿渣赤泥和煤燃烧副产物粉煤灰为原料,将其用于疏浚底泥中磷的固稳,考察了疏浚底泥的性质、固稳剂对疏浚底泥pH的影响、固稳时间以及固稳剂添加量对磷浸出量的影响。结果表明:疏浚底泥的pH随着固稳剂添加量的增加而升高,磷的浸出量随着固稳时间的延长而降低;对于掺混赤泥的疏浚底泥,磷的浸出量随着赤泥添加量的增加而增加,而对于掺混粉煤灰或赤泥与粉煤灰等量混合的疏浚底泥,磷的浸出量随着固稳剂添加量的增加而降低。粉煤灰或赤泥与粉煤灰等量混合作为固稳剂均能够有效固稳疏浚底泥中的磷。     

负载TiO2/WO3粉煤灰分子筛表征及对水中高浓度活性红X-3b光催化性能

用水热合成法将热电固废粉煤灰制备成分子筛F,将其作为材料基板,用浸渍法分别负载TiO_2/WO_3,制成粉煤灰分子筛光催化剂Ti/F、W/F、W&Ti/F。通过SEM-EDS、XRD和BET对4种材料作表征,研究催化剂光催化去除水中高浓度活性红X-3b效果及反应动力学特性。结果表明,F中含Ti不含W,Ti主要以金红石型TiO_2单晶存在。与F相比,Ti/F新增TiO_2晶型为钛锐型TiO_2,Ti以锐钛型和金红石型混晶存在;F负载WO_3改变表面结构,平均孔径增加,活性红吸附率增加,W取代F中金红石型Ti明显降低Ti含量;W&Ti/F的Ti、W双负载(0.5:0.5)使Ti和W负载量分别高于Ti/F和W/F,但锐钛型和金红石型混晶TiO_2量明显低于Ti/F,光催化活性低于Ti/F。Ti/F、W/F、W&Ti/F、F均对水中高浓度活性红X-3b具有光催化活性。催化活性成分主要为锐钛型和金红石型TiO_2。Ti/F光催化效果最好;在最优条件下,紫外光照630 min,2 000 mg·L~(-1)活性红X-3b去除率为95.74%;其次为F,93.83%;W&Ti/F和W/F去除率分别为87.78%和87.60%。光催化反应20℃下符合一级动力学反应,40℃下符合二级动力学反应。Ti/F和F分子筛对2 000 mg·L~(-1)活性红X-3b具有高光催化活性,使光催化处理活性红X-3b浓度范围显著提高。     

Pathogenicity of fungi associated with ash dieback symptoms of one‐year‐old Fraxinus excelsior in Montenegro

In addition to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, two fungi identified as Diaporthe eres aff. and Fusarium sambucinum aff. were also isolated from necrotic bark lesions on declining one‐year‐old Fraxinus excelsior in a forest stand in Montenegro. To examine their involvement in ash decline, a pathogenicity test was performed using under bark inoculations on one‐year‐old Fraxinus excelsior. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was included as comparison. All three fungal species proved highly pathogenic towards one‐year‐old seedlings although lesion sizes differed significantly between the different species. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was most aggressive, followed by F. sambucinum aff., while D. eres aff. caused the smallest lesions. This study demonstrates for the first time the ability of isolates in the D. eres and F. sambucinum species complexes to cause decline on one‐year‐old common ash seedlings.     

Fungal colonization patterns in necrotic rootstocks and stem bases of dieback‐affected Fraxinus excelsior L.

European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees currently face the major threat of ash dieback caused by an invasive fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Collar rots in F. excelsior have been increasingly associated with infections by this pathogen. However, the aetiology of the collar rots is still unclear and remains heavily debated. In contrast to most studies of this kind, entire rootstocks of four diseased ash trees were dug out to examine necrotic tissues in these rootstocks and stem bases in detail and to sample necrotic wood for fungal isolation. With the aid of morphological and molecular identification techniques, five to twelve fungal taxa were detected per tree. Members of the Nectriaceae family and Botryosphaeria stevensii, the causal agent of stem and branch cankers on many tree species, were frequently isolated from outer xylem. In contrast, H. fraxineus was the dominating species in interior wood layers. Microsatellite genotyping of 77 H. fraxineus isolates helped to identify up to six different genotypes per tree. The role of H. fraxineus and other isolated fungi in the aetiology of ash collar rots are discussed.     

煤矿开采对植被和土壤的影响及植被恢复策略

论述了煤炭开采导致的矿区植被破坏现状、土壤污染现状,以及植物修复技术在矿区生态恢复和建设中的作用,为矿区生态恢复提供理论基础。