有机酸对高岭石, 针铁矿和水铝英石吸附镉的影响

Effects of organic acids （oxalic, acetic, and citric） on adsorption characteristics of Cadmium （Cd） on soil clay minerals （kaolinite, goethite, and bayerite） were studied under different concentrations and different pH values. Although the types of organic acids and minerals were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption of Cd on the minerals were similar, i.e., the amount of adsorbed Cd with an initial solution pH of 5.0 and initial Cd concentration of 35 mg L^-1 increased with increasing concentration of the organic acid in solution at lower concentrations, and decreased at higher concentrations. The percentage of Cd adsorbed on the minerals in the presence of the organic acids increased considerably with increasing pH of the solution. Meanwhile, different Cd adsorption in the presence of the organic acids, due to different properties on both organic acids and clay minerals, on kaolinite, goethite, or bayerite for different pHs or organic acid concentrations was found.  

土壤有机和无机组分对多环芳烃环境行为影响的研究进展

土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的环境行为取决于它们与土壤不同组分之间的相互作用。本文综述了土壤有机质、黏土矿物以及有机矿质复合体对PAHs土壤环境行为影响的研究进展,期望从土壤基本组成和性质上对PAHs的土壤环境行为有一个本质的了解。  

土壤理化性质对结皮形成的影响

通过人工降雨试验、土壤微形态观察以及理化分析 ,研究了几种土壤结皮形成过程及其影响因素 ,并利用SPSS统计分析了不同因素对结皮形成的影响程度。研究结果表明 ,土壤颗粒组成是土壤结皮形成的主导因素 ,而土壤结构指标、部分胶体性质与结皮形成关系不明确 ,并提出土壤粘粒矿物组成可能是土壤结皮形成的一个重要因素  

土壤粘土矿物含量计算方法研究

土壤中粘土矿物的种类和含量在环境、农业、地质等领域有重要的意义。目前,在粘土矿物种类鉴定方面已有一些成熟的方法技术,而土壤中粘土矿物含量定量方面尚没有成熟的方法。本文基于土壤化学成分分析数据,提出了一种计算土壤粘土矿物含量的新方法。较系统地阐述了该方法的基本原理、计算方法,并对一些实例进行了计算,其结果令人满意。该方法简单易行、干扰少,具有良好的应用前景。  

土壤中铁铝氧化物与黏土矿物交互作用的研究进展

铁铝氧化物与黏土矿物是土壤中最重要、最活跃的固相组分之一,一般占土壤质量的90%以上,它们之间的交互作用直接影响土壤界面活性、理化性质和肥力状况.本文以铁铝氧化物和黏土矿物胶结过程中的一些表观特征变化为出发点,重点阐述了交互作用前后对土壤理化性质的影响,以及宏观表现到微观交互作用的机理,并提出了宜加强二者交互作用的界面特性、非晶形向晶形转化过程等的研究,以期揭示土壤退化、团聚体形成、元素的保蓄与释放、土壤污染物的调控等土壤的基本属性问题.  

重金属污染对典型湿润富铁土上钾素行为的影响

Difference of montmorillonite(Mt),illite(It) and kaolinite(Kt) in lead sorption characteristics and the effects of amorphous Fe and Al oxide coatings on the characteristics were experimentally sutdied with logistic model.The sorption curves had sigmoid feature due to use of acetate-type buffer solution.With the model the sorption process could be divided into four stages and the sorption characteristics at the stages were discussed.The results showed that,after Mt,It and Kt were coated by amorphous Fe oxide,their maximum sorption capacity(MSC) and percentage of high-SSC concentration scope(HCS) of Pb^2 increased markedly,but the specific sorption capacity(SSC) decreased.with regard to effects of amorphous Al oxide coating,except for It Al,the SSC of other samples showed a downtrend,despite that their MSC remained unchanged.Eventually,the gray correlation degrees to Pb^2 sorption for different physicochemical characteristics of the clay minerals were indicated to be higher for hydronium,zero point of surface charge and hydroxy,but lower for specific surface area.density of surface charge and amount of surface charges.  

东北黑土耕层土壤黏粒矿物组成的区域差异及其演化

在东北黑土耕层土壤小于2μm黏粒的化学组成和X衍射分析基础上,对不同纬度的15个黑土的黏粒矿物组成和空间差异进行研究,并探讨了其影响因素及演化机制。结果表明:东北黑土耕层土壤黏粒矿物属伊利石—蒙伊混层矿物类型,但其组合因区域不同有所差异,高纬度黑土为伊利石—蒙伊混层型,低纬度黑土则为蒙伊混层—伊利石—蛭石型。影响黏粒矿物空间差异的主要因素有降水、温度、作物类型。由于这些因素在空间上的显著差异,使黑土黏粒矿物演化序列处于伊利石向蒙伊混层或蛭石的不同阶段,导致东北黑土黏粒矿物组成在纬度上形成显著区域差异。  

绰墩遗址古今水稻土黏土矿物特征比较研究

在江苏绰墩山遗址考古发掘中,发现了在剖面不同深度埋藏的距今约6 000年的史前水稻土层、距今约3 000年的商周史前的古水稻土层和现代水稻土层。本研究为了比较古今水稻土黏土矿物特征的差异,以土壤剖面P01(包含史前古水稻土、商周史古水稻土和现代水稻土)与P03(仅含商周时期古水稻土和现代水稻土)为对象,测定其各种形态铁锰氧化物含量和黏粒矿物组成。对绰墩遗址两古水稻土剖面黏土矿物特征进行研究,结果表明:古今水稻土全铁含量的差异较小。与6 000年前古非水稻土相比,6 000年前古水稻土剖面出现铁锰和蒙皂石类矿物随水流失的现象。古今水稻土黏土矿物组成都是以水云母和蒙皂石为主,但是古水稻土1.41 nm的过渡性黏粒矿物强度低于现代水稻土。现代土壤和古土壤中黏土矿物的演变规律相似,为水云母→蛭石、绿泥石→蒙皂石。  

Adsorption of DNA on clay minerals and various colloidal particles from an Alfisol

Adsorption and desorption of salmon sperm DNA on four different colloidal fractions from Brown Soil and clay minerals were studied. The adsorption isotherms of DNA on the examined soil colloids and minerals conformed to the Langmuir equation. The amount of DNA adsorbed followed the order: montmorillonite?fine inorganic clay>fine organic clay>kaolinite>coarse inorganic clay>coarse organic clay. A marked decrease in the adsorption of DNA on organic clays and montmorillonite was observed with the increase of pH from 2.0 to 5.0. Negligible DNA was adsorbed by organic clays above pH 5.0. As for inorganic clays and kaolinite, a slow decrease in DNA adsorption was found with increasing pH from 2.0 to 9.0. The results implied that electrostatic interactions played a more important role in DNA adsorption on organic clays and montmorillonite. Magnesium ion was more efficient than sodium ion in promoting DNA adsorption on soil colloids and minerals. DNA molecules on soil colloids and minerals were desorbed by sequential washing with 10 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl and 100 mM phosphate at pH 7.0. A percentage of 53.7-64.4% of adsorbed DNA on organic clays and montmorillonite was released, while only 10.7-15.2% of DNA on inorganic clays and kaolinite was desorbed by Tris and NaCl. The percent desorption of DNA from inorganic clays, organic clays, montmorillonite and kaolinite by phosphate was 39.7-42.2, 23.6-28.8, 29.7 and 11.4%, respectively. Data from this work indicated that fine clays dominate the amount of DNA adsorption and coarse clays play a more important role in the binding affinity of DNA in soil. Organic matter may not favor DNA adsorption in permanent-charge soil. The information obtained is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the ultimate fate of extracellular DNA in soil.  

辽宁地区古红土粘土矿物特征及其环境学意义

采用x射线衍射分析方法,对辽宁地区发育于不同母质上的古红土的粘土矿物特性进行了研究,结果表明:辽宁各种母质发育的古红土的粘土矿物中都含有伊利石、1.4nm过渡矿物和高岭石,片麻岩和千枚岩发育古红土中还含有较多量的蛭石,第四纪水成沉积物发育的古红土中含有少量的蒙脱石。辽宁古红土粘土矿物的组成反映了不同于现代成土环境的古环境特征,现代的环境条件对古红土的某些性质已经产生了影响。在辽宁各种母质发育的古红土的粘土矿物组成中,1.4nm过渡矿物的地位比较突出,片麻岩发育的古红土的蛭石含量也很突出,有着不同于南方和黄土高原的特点。从土壤发育程度上讲,相似母质发育的辽宁古红土低于南方红壤,同黄土高原古土壤的发育程度基本相当。