Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原固碳量及固碳潜力估算

为了评价不同放牧强度对草原固碳量及固碳潜力的影响，本研究采用系统动力学建模方法耦合CASA光合利用率模型、Shiyomi放牧模型、Raich土壤呼吸模型等模型，建立了基于系统动力学库-流思路的碳循环模型，该模型包含3个子系统、4个碳库。结果表明：1998至2015年，在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的温度降低、降水量增加的背景下，净初级生产力呈现升高的趋势，典型草原土壤固碳量呈现下降趋势；放牧强度在3羊·公顷^-1下净生态系统初级生产力最低，固碳潜力最大，分别为-16.2 gC·m^-2和24.84 TgC。因此，建议内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原西部（阿巴嘎旗、那仁宝力格站）的放牧强度不宜超过1.5羊·公顷^-1；东部（多伦县、东乌珠穆沁、西乌珠穆沁、锡林浩特站）不宜超过4.5羊·公顷^-1。     

Managing soil quality for humanity and the planet

Rather than a human-centric, the basic strategy of achieving Sustainable Development Goals must be focused on restoring and sustaining planetary processes. The urgency of meeting the demands of the humanity must be reconciled with the necessity of enhancing the environment. Increasing and restoring soil organic matter content of the degraded and depleted soils is critical to strengthening planetary processes.     

Carbon dioxide sequestration capability of an unmanaged old-growth broadleaf deciduous forest in a Strict Nature Reserve

The seasonal trend of plant carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration is related to the photosynthetic activity, which in turn changes in response to environmental conditions. Great interest has turned to the CO₂ sequestration (CS) potential of temperate forests which play an important role in global carbon (C) cycle contributing to the lowering of atmospheric CO₂ concentration. In such context, the CS of an unmanaged old broad-leaf deciduous forest developing inside a Strict Nature Reserve, and its variations during the year were analyzed considering the monthly variations of leaf area index (LAI) and net photosynthetic rates (N_P). Overall, the total yearly CS of the forest was 141 Mg CO₂ ha^?1 year^?1 with the highest CS value monitored in June (405 Mg CO₂ month^?1) due to the highest LAI (5.0 ± 0.8 m² m^?2) and a high N_P in all the broadleaf species. The first CS decline was observed in August due to the more stressful climatic conditions that constrained N_P rates. Overall, the total CS of the forest reflects the good ecological health of the ecosystem due to its conservative management.     

林业碳汇项目类型及开发策略分析

以项目为载体的林业碳汇作为重要交易标的，已经在国内外主要的碳交易市场体系中频繁出现。但是，由于不同碳市场产生的背景、主要目标及交易规则的差异，对参与交易的林业碳汇项目开发标准与具体要求不尽相同。合格的可交易林业碳汇在全球林业碳汇市场中所占份额依然很小，林业碳汇尚未发挥其应有的作用与潜力。文中在对国内外林业碳汇市场发展概况进行简要梳理并对目前主要林业碳汇项目类型及其特征进行比较分析的基础上，结合我国碳市场发展与森林经营特点，提出了我国林业碳汇的未来发展策略:一是立足国内，建立多元化林业碳汇市场；二是立足资源优势，重点发展森林经营碳汇项目；三是加强林业基础数据与信息化建设，降低林业碳汇项目交易成本；四是加强不同碳市场衔接与协同，并积极参与国际市场交易。     

Impact of Distillery Effluent on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in a Vertisol of Central India

Distilleries produce a huge quantity of effluents, popularly known as spent wash (SW), which when bio-methanated produce post-methanation effluents (PME). A field experiment on soybean–wheat system was conducted for five consecutive years in a Vertisol of central India to evaluate the effect of distillery effluent (DE) on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Ten treatment combinations consisting of control, 100% NPK + Farmyard Manure (FYM), and graded level of SW and PME were applied. Total carbon content of soil increased significantly with applications of FYM and DE. SW was found superior in enhancing carbon content of soil in comparison to PME. Farmyard Manure contributed more carbon toward the recalcitrant pool, whereas DE contributed more carbon toward the active and slow pool. Nitrogen (N) availability was significantly improved with the application of DE. Balanced application of DE may act as amendment for increasing C and N stocks in Vertisol.     

旱作农田种植碳排放主要因素 及减排措施研究

农业生产是温室气体排放第二大排放源,降低农业生产的碳排放具有意义重大。本文梳理了种植生产过程中碳排放相关的文献,发现种植过程产生碳排放的主要因素之一是化肥的生产和使用。通过优化秸秆和肥料利用模式成为化肥减施和替代的重要途径,综合考虑了农田碳排放和土壤固碳,为进一步研究旱作农田减排措施提供参考。     

抚育间伐对兴安落叶松天然林乔木层碳储量的影响

[目的]研究抚育间伐对兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)天然林乔木层碳储量的影响。[方法]以大兴安岭林区70年兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,采用测树学方法、样地调查法等,研究经过2次平均株数强度为38%的抚育间伐后林分乔木层碳储量的变化。[结果]兴安落叶松天然林乔木层各器官碳储量从大到小依次为干、根、枝、叶。兴安落叶松林木个体平均含碳率为49.48%,抚育间伐使兴安落叶松天然林乔木层碳储量显著增加(P0.05)。[结论]该研究可为大兴安岭兴安落叶松天然林抚育提供技术支撑。     

山东省农地集约利用的碳排放效率分析与低碳优化

建立农地集约利用投入产出指标体系,对山东省17个地级市的农地集约利用过程中的碳排放效率进行分析,研究农地集约利用程度与碳排放效率的关系。结果表明,农地集约利用度的高低与碳排放效率高低并不具有普遍的一致性,山东省农地集约利用度较高的地区主要分布在传统农业区和部分发达城市;济南、青岛、烟台3个经济较发达的地级市农地集约利用碳排放效率普遍偏低;农地技术(如育种、灌溉和机械)投入不足,化肥、农药、电力投入过多是农地集约利用的碳排放效率低的普遍原因。针对各地级市的特点,提出了如何在以碳排放为成本的前提下实现农地集约利用的最优,探索低碳优化措施。