枸杞中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的测定

建立了用配有氮磷检测器(NPD)的气相色谱仪测定枸杞中敌敌畏、氧化乐果、久效磷、乐果、马拉硫磷、对硫磷、克百威、抗蚜威8种农药残留量的方法。试样用乙腈提取,加氯化钠,使水相与有机相分层,取一定量有机相浓缩、定容。采用外标法定量。该方法的检出限为0.0016mg/kg～0.021mg/kg,8种农药的添加回收率为83.3%～116%,测定的相对标准偏差为1.23%～13.8%。方法简便、准确。     

氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂及其与阿维菌素的混配制剂对美洲斑潜蝇(Diptera:Agromyzidae)的防治效果

测定了扑蚜威、速灭威、灭蚜威、间乙威等9个氨基甲酸酯类化合物及其 与阿维菌素混剂对美洲斑潜蝇的田间药效，结果发现，当施用有效量0.75 kg/hm2时，氨 基甲酸酯类单剂对美洲斑潜蝇的防效在75%～92%之间，而扑蚜威、速灭威、灭蚜威与阿维菌 素混剂对该蝇的防效可达85%～92%。表明，氨基甲酸酯类化合物与阿维菌素混配对美洲斑潜 蝇田间防效、速效性均较好，且成本显著降低。     

高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留方法优化

本文在现有标准基础上,改变定容溶液和流动相溶剂梯度的时间和比例,优化了高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)测定蔬菜中涕灭威亚砜、涕灭威砜、灭多威、涕灭威、克百威5种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的测定方法.用外标法定量分析,标准曲线的相关系数为0.9985～0.9994,平均回收率为93.6 %～100.9 %,保留时间提前8.5 min.这说明优化后方法分析快速、分离效果好、回收率与灵敏度高.     

Substrate specificity of brain acetylcholinesterase and its sensitivity to carbamate insecticides in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis>

The substrate specificity of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in adult Carassius auratus fish and its sensitivity to carbamate insecticides were investigated in vitro. The results showed that the order of four substrates hydrolyzed by brain AChE in C. auratus was acetylthiocholine iodide > β-methylthiocholine iodide > propionylthiocholine iodide > butyrylthiocholine iodide, and the maximum velocity (V _max) of AChE hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCh) was the highest among the four substrates, and the V _max values were 0.067 and 0.082 mmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ for male and female fish respectively. But their Michaelis–Menten constants (K _m) were the lowest, only 0.071 and 0.072 mmol/l respectively. Compared with other carbamate insecticides, the sensitivity of brain AChE to carbofuran was the highest and the IC₅₀ values were 1.04 × 10⁻⁶ mol/l for females and 1.17 × 10⁻⁶ mol/l for males. The inhibitory tendencies of eserine, methomyl, and aldicarb to brain AChE were very similar, and the percentage inhibition increased with time at the concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁶ mol/l. The order of inhibition potential of the three inhibitors from the highest to the lowest was eserine, aldicarb, and methomyl.     

HPLC法测定猕猴桃中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量

[目的]建立高效液相色谱柱后衍生法测定猕猴桃中11种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的方法。[方法]用DB-C8色谱柱,在梯度淋洗条件下对11种氨基甲酸酯类农药进行分离,通过柱后衍生化,荧光检测器(荧光波长为445 nm)定性定量测定猕猴桃中11种氨基甲酸酯类农药(杀线威、灭多威、涕灭威、恶虫威、甲萘威、硫苯威、硫双灭多威、仲丁威、甲硫威、残杀威、双氧威)的残留量。[结果]结果表明,11种农药在30 min内可以得到很好的分离,线性范围为0.01~50.00 mg/L,线性相关系数为0.998 9~0.999 9,检出限为5.0~0.7μg/L,方法回收率为82.96%~101.10%。[结论]该研究所建立的方法灵敏度高,重现性好,检测限低,完全能够满足猕猴桃中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的检测。     

氨基甲酸酯类农药残留分析研究进展

本文归纳了近年来食品及环境样品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留分析的前处理及其分析技术,重点对超临界流体萃取法、基质固相分散萃取技术、固相萃取、固相微萃取、凝胶渗透色谱技术、色质联用、酶抑制法等技术进行了总结,并指出了食品及环境样品中农药残留分析的发展趋势.     

氨基甲酸酯类农药结构/急性毒性的三维定量构效关系研究

用比较分子力场分析（CoMFA)方法研究了氨基甲酸酯类农药的结构与急性毒性LD50（大鼠，口服）的关系，考察了网格结构和探针原子对计算结果的影响，得到模型的R^2为0.994，标准偏差为0.061，这说明立体效应和静电作用场是描述氨基甲酸酯类农药急性毒性和研究其结构活性关系的重要参数。建立的三维定量构效关系模型可以对该类新化合物的LD50进行预测。     

Insecticide resistance in house flies from the United States: Resistance levels and frequency of pyrethroid resistance alleles

Although insecticide resistance is a widespread problem for most insect pests, frequently the assessment of resistance occurs over a limited geographic range. Herein, we report the first widespread survey of insecticide resistance in the USA ever undertaken for the house fly, Musca domestica, a major pest in animal production facilities. The levels of resistance to six different insecticides were determined (using discriminating concentration bioassays) in 10 collections of house flies from dairies in nine different states. In addition, the frequencies of Vssc and CYP6D1 alleles that confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides were determined for each fly population. Levels of resistance to the six insecticides varied among states and insecticides. Resistance to permethrin was highest overall and most consistent across the states. Resistance to methomyl was relatively consistent, with 65–91% survival in nine of the ten collections. In contrast, resistance to cyfluthrin and pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide varied considerably (2.9–76% survival). Resistance to imidacloprid was overall modest and showed no signs of increasing relative to collections made in 2004, despite increasing use of this insecticide. The frequency of Vssc alleles that confer pyrethroid resistance was variable between locations. The highest frequencies of kdr, kdr-his and super-kdr were found in Minnesota, North Carolina and Kansas, respectively. In contrast, the New Mexico population had the highest frequency (0.67) of the susceptible allele. The implications of these results to resistance management and to the understanding of the evolution of insecticide resistance are discussed.     

Target site insensitivity mutations in the AChE and LdVssc1 confer resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in Leptinotarsa decemlineata in northern Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region

A survey of resistance to five conventional insecticides was conducted in 2009 and 2010 for the first generation 4th-instar larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata from Urumqi, Changji, Qitai and Qapqal. Compared with the Tekes population, a reference susceptible population, the Changji and Qapqal populations exhibited very high to moderate levels of resistance to cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, moderate to high levels of resistance to carbosulfan and carbofuran, and low levels of resistance to azinphosmethyl. Moreover, the Urumqi and the Qitai populations reached a high and a moderate level of resistance to carbosulfan, respectively. Synergistic effects of triphenyl phosphate, diethylmeleate, and piperonyl butoxide on cyhalothrin and carbosulfan in Changji population revealed that cytochrome P450s were involved in the resistance to cyhalothrin but not carbosulfan. A modified bi-PASA was developed to simultaneously detect point mutations of S291G in the AChE and L1014F in the LdVssc1 genes. The former mutation resulted in the resistance to carbamates and the latter in the resistance to pyrethroids. The rates of homozygous and heterozygous resistant individuals to carbamates (S291G mutation) were 17.6% and 14.7%, 50.6% and 42.2%, 49.9% and 41.7%, 51.3% and 41.4%, and 44.8% and 47.4%; to pyrethroids (L1014F mutation) were 5.8% and 8.7%, 36.1% and 27.0%, 41.8% and 24.8%, 12.2% and 9.7%, and 7.9% and 10.6%, respectively, in samples from Tekes, Changji, Qapqal, Urumqi and Qitai. I392T point mutation in the AChE was detected by RT-PCR among 18 individuals from Changji, Qapqal, Urumqi and Qitai. These results demonstrated that point mutations of S291G in the AChE and L1014F in the LdVscc1 are responsible for, at least partially, the resistance to carbamates and pyrethroids in L. decemlineata in some field populations in northern Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.     

Acetylcholinesterase in selected plant-parasitic nematodes: Inhibition, kinetic and comparative studies

The in vitro inhibition potency of some organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CAs) which are widely used to control plant-parasitic nematodes on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Meloidogyne javanica, Heterodera avenae and Tylenchulus semipenetrans, the major pathogens responsible for the damage of a wide range of crops in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia was examined. AChE of H. avenae activity was 1.58- and 1.51-fold greater than that of T. semipenetrans or M. javanica, respectively. The order of inhibition potency of the tested compounds against T. semipenetrans AChE was: carbofuran > paraoxon > oxamyl > fenamiphos > phorate-sulfoxide > aldicarb, where the corresponding concentrations that inhibited 50% of the nematode AChE activity (I₅₀) were 5 × 10⁻⁸, 7 × 10⁻⁷, 7.5 × 10⁻⁷, 2 × 10⁻⁶, 2 × 10⁻⁴ and 2 × 10⁻³ M, respectively. Paraoxon, fenamiphos and carbofuran exhibited high inhibition potency against M. javanica AChE where the I₅₀ values were below 1 nM. Phorate-sulfoxide and aldicarb were potent inhibitors of M. javanica AChE with I₅₀ values of 3.8 and 8 nM, respectively, while oxamyl exhibited low inhibition potency with I₅₀ of 15 nM. Fenamiphos and paraoxon showed the highest I₅₀ values of <100 μM against H. avenae followed by oxamyl (I₅₀ < 1 mM), whereas paraoxon, carbofuran and aldicarb showed low potency with I₅₀ values >1 mM. All the tested compounds exhibited high inhibition potency to AChE of M. javanica than T. semipenetrans or H. avenae. Except phorate-sulfoxide in M. javanica the inhibition pattern and implied mechanism for all the tested compounds for the three nematodes is suggested to be a linear mixed type (a combination of competitive and non-completive type).